Wednesday, 30 December 2020

Divine Mother Lakshmi, the Most Graceful!

 Shakra (Indra) asks Lakshmi Devi as to "Who She Is" and "What Her relation Is with vishnu, narayana. In reply,Devi says that" "I am goddess narayani, older even than the first ever created objects, Lord Vishnu's primary Lakshmi (sovereignty), the unchanging 'Sri' In her own words, "She is the power and glory of the Lord Vasudeva. She is Rajarajeshvari, the sovereign power, 'samrajnyi!"" However, She hastens to add, "The powers exercised by her is derived from Her Lord Vasudeva!" These powers are: shakti, jnyana, aishvarya, bala,  virya and tejas. The Divine Mother is so kind and graceful that all the jivas, devi-devata, tapo-janah, and pitrus (manes) and all others are redeemed by Her This redemption, emancipation, or liberation, particularly the repeated embodiment of the jivarashi depends on the conditions laid down by Her. these conditions such as sharanagatim, mantra japa, strict adherence to achara samhita laid down, etc. will be narrated later.

  In fact, Shakra asks Devi why she is troubling and tormenting the jivas, she so lovingly created? In reply, Devi says, "Which mother wants her children to suffer?" She, the Graceful Devi, says "All jivas are enjoying their stipulated span of life by Her grace. It is but quite natural that they play as children and have their joy and sorrow, happiness and misery, rise  and fall. It is their desire that prompt them to action (karma) that beget its fruits (phala) in turn. I have no role to play in their life, unless they seek my help." She, the graceful Devi promises to redeem all those who ardently seek Her help! Ultimately, it is Her recommendation to Vasudeva to redeem the jiva that helps! The following dialogue between Shakra and Devi lakshmi makes this very clear.

  "O merciful Janardana, disclose to me... ... ... the method that thou has devised to rescue the living beings. O Achyuta, thou art the beginning, the middle and end of all, the Ultimate above all, O govinda, the ancient and Supreme Pundarikaksha, the sole guide for crossing the treacherous and shoreless ocean of samsara; thou who art responsible for the four states of existence known as the manifest and the unmanifest, the knower  and time (kala), and Vasudeva lord of the universe: O, thou exquisitely beautiful Lord Narayana embracing the whole universe these living beings are all drowning in the ocean of suffering. O lord by what device thinkest thou they can be saved?"

 in reply to Devi's request, the Blessed lord says, "O beautiful one, listen. I have laid down rules .. .. . as prescribed by the religious texts." 

  Hence, it is clear that the jiva that seek redemption, emancipation, mukti, moksha should follow the rules and regulations prescribed in the religious texts! However, devi may intervene and recommend for immediate salvation by Her graceful benevolence if the jiva seeks Her intervention and grace!

Lakshmi Tantra

  'Pancharatra agama shastra' consist of almost 200 to 250 samhita of which hardly a few, may be, about 10 or twelve are so far published. These agama shastras are classified as: the Vaishnava, Shaiva, and Shakta. The Vaishnava agama shastra has "Lakshmi Tantra" as the Shakta cult that focus attention on 'Mantra- shakti'! Actually, the vaishnava agamas deal with Narayana, Vasudeva, or Vishnu and Lakshmi, Tara, or Dhara (since Buddha is considered an incarnation of Vishnu). Not many agama shastra Texts are available in print. However, many original manuscripts are available in Adyar Library, Chennai. A Telugu edition of 'Lakshmi Tantra' was first published by Oriental Library under the patronage of the then Maharaja of Mysore in 1888, or so . There is a Pancharatra Texts edited by F. O. Schrader. H. Daniel Smith has  done some valuable work in this field. S N Dasgupta has  given details of Jayakhya, Ahirbudhnya, Sadhakya, and other samhitas. (MLBD). The  earlier Texts of  H. Govindachari (1911), R. G. Bhandarkar (1965), Dr. S. R. Bhat and K. Rangachari on Pancharatra are important works. Some Western scholars have shown keen interest in these works and have given commentaries on Pancharatra. Some Publications are in Hindi with Samskruta Texts published from Varanasi. 

   As it is, 'Lakshmi Tantra' is of special importance to Vaishnavas. It is actually 'Shakti cult', no doubt, since it deals with the 'mantra' and its origin as sound, bijakshara, and short phrases or sentences like Om hrIm ShrIm ShreeH | Om hrIm Shreem klIM hsou || Om namo narayanaya | Om namo bhagavate vasudevaya | Om namo narayani'. These mantra are  of high potency (muktidyotaka or mokshadayaka) that can redeem an adept. It is stated that Devi Lakshmi's kataksha, grace is required for redemption, mukti of the jiva. Devi Shree only can help the tormented jiva to cross the ocean of samsara! Only a sincere devotee who is blessed by Devi Lakshmi can get release from worldly bondage. May, be, in a sense, narayana or vishnu will not come to the rescue of the jiva unless Devi favors!

   Incidentally, this Text of English translation of Samskruta mantra (verses) or shloka - Lakshmi Tantra Edited by Prof Sanjukta Gupta, Pub. MLBD. came to the author as though by divine grace for review in the Qly. Jl. of Sri Ranade Mandir "Pathway to God". The entire Text is not there since some chapters are missing. Some of the important ones are presented here. It may take a year-long tedious work to present them in blogs here!

    "Lakshmi Tantra" is actually a very sacred scripture. It is a narration of Vasudeva and Lakshmi Devi particularly, the powers vested in Lakshmi! Sage Atri is revealing to his wife Anusuya what Lakshmi said in reply to questions raised by Shakra (Narada). This is a dialogue between Shakra (Indra) and Devi Lakshmi, indeed! Many interesting secrets about creation, sustenance and dissolution are revealed here and it may remind us of Shree Krishna speaking to Arjuna in the Gitopadesha, or Varaha Deva revealing the secrets to Sage Agastya. It covers a vast range of topics from the origin of the sound, sacred bijakshara and their mantra with the associated deities, means of exploring the 'Truth' and finally emancipation of the tormented jiva that seeks the help of Devi Lakshmi. It deals with creation under shuddha tattva and avataras of Gods, mishra and ashuddha tattva giving rise to all sorts of tamasic jivas. The best part of lakshmi Tantra is the secret of 'Evolution of Sound' and Letters (alphabets) as Mantra. There are many powerful mantra here that may run to thousands of pages as 'Mantrasara'. Devi, the Divine Mother called Matrika here is the source of sound that emanate at the navel and move toward the heart, throat and lips as- Shabdha brahman, and then para, pashyanti, madhyama and vaikhari. We will try to give a few  interesting ones like the 'Sudarshana mantra' in the next few blogs. 

Tuesday, 29 December 2020

Alpha and Beta of Creation.

  Before we write or read, it is essential to know the origin of the alphabets. These are divided into vowels and consonants. The English vowels are almost the same as that of Samskruta or Kannada bhasha. these are a, e, i, o, and u (English) or  a, A, yi, eYe, u, oo, LRu, ye, ou, and am. (Kannada/Samsk.). The beauty of these vowels is that they originate in Akasha and come with full potency to create the Universe starting from the stars and galaxies to planets and the life-forms! The ancient scriptures emphatically states the a is brahmn and all other things are the manifest forms of 'brahmn'- sarvam khaluvidam brahmn. Brahmn is absolute silence and sound emanates in different forms from Him. The first sound that emanated in the universe is 'OMmmm' It is the beginning and the end of all that exists. A U M (Om) begins with A and ends with 'am' One has to open the mouth to utter the syllable A and close the lips to utter 'amm'! The origin of the sound is traced to paramatma shree hari narayana. It is shree that manifests from brahmn and moves out as vishnu (the all-pervading consciousness) creating time, space, and all the paraphernalia of the manifest objective phenomenal world. Thus, the most important thing is to the origin of the sound of these alphabets, For example, the syllables- na ra ya sha Sha, sa ha, are all supported by 'brahmn'- 'a'. This alphabet 'a' only manifests as every other alphabet and supports what is manifest from it!

  Now, let's see how the sound emanating from space (akasha) create the alphabets and the powers inherent in them. First comes a as 'brahmn' and from a come i. Together a and i create ye. a and u become 'au'  or  'ou'. the syllable 'm' (creative power, Lakshmi of parabrahma param atma narayana 'a') added to these create wonders! am, Im, yem Om, hum, hrIm, hsau, and such other powerful bijakshara mantra, full of potency to create the universe. the bijakshara- 'hrIM' is the trinity- hari, hara, virinchi. These are the sounds that emanate in Akasha and create the deities of creation, sustenance, and dissolution and merger as our Hindu Gods! The first manifest form of 'brahmn', the absolute silence is 'akasha'.  akasha is brahmn, kham brahma | The Akasha is silence incarnate! The manifest 'tanmatra' of Akasha is shabdha (Sound)! Thus, sound manifests from silence, just as Akasha manifests from brahmn.! 

   Hence, every sound, syllable, word or phrase we use comes out of  'silence'. Whatever exists in teh bahya aksha (outer space) also exists within our body. The same five elements (panchabhuta) go to make the body of all living beings. Thus all living beings, may it be plants, birds, insects or animals make sounds and these come from the throat and breath! We make sounds in sleep due to breathing. The sound of breath 'sa' and 'ha' keep us alive. If the out going breath 'ha' does not return we are dead, hara hara! If it comes back sounding 'sa' , we come back to life. Thus we are alive due breathing as recognized by the sounds 'sa' and 'ha' The significant sounds and alphabets created by them are given in the next blog.

   Since the sounds (shabdha), the Veda, emanate from the silence (mouna) Bhagavan Shree Krishna warns Arjuna "not to be carried away by the mesmerizing words of the Veda and turn to Me, in silence surrender, to enjoy the supreme bliss"! traigunya vishayaa veda nistraigunyorbhavaarjuna || Also, He asserts: tasmad yogirbhavaarjuna || There is, thus, the sage wisdom: Meditate on Silence!   

We eulogize Lord Vishnu in a thousand names and fail to realize the last few words that state: sahasra nama tulya 'ra' 'ma' naama varanane! The two syllables are the ' r' Sun (Ravi), and 'm' Earth-  both supported by brahmn  'a'?  Meditate on the concept of 'kham brahmaa'.

The secret of 'Silence' (mouna)

  'Silence' (mouna) is the natural state. Silence exists when nothing else exist! Silence is thus the primordial state of existence. It is from silence that everything else, like the sound, the alphabets, the words, phrases and the sentences that try to explain the paraphernalia of the spiritual and material world manifests. Thus, we see the silence at the base of the creation. The sounds of varied diverse names and forms have their root in silence! But whatever manifests from this silence has to be something subtler and then develop into gross forms. Ordinarily the gross forms are easily noticed by the senses but the subtler aspect of the same goes unnoticed. The subtler and the subtle-most aspects of all that exist are deep-rooted in silence. This silence manifests in four earliest states such as the Absolute Silence (mahattanta shanta), which develops into pradhvansha and pragbhava states and finally appears as vibration, tremors (kampana)  and waves of different intensity, frequency, wavelengths and their effects! Thus what all one sees is the gross form of material world and the subtler aspects have to be discovered, if one wants to know. This takes us to a wonderful field of vyahrutis like the bhu, bhuvah, svar, mahar, janah, tapah and the sat. Hence, it may be said that- "Silence speaks louder than the sound"!

   The origin of the sound can be raced to the friction, vibration, tremors, flow and expansion. It starts from the elements that constitute the stars, the sun and the elements like space, air, fire, water, earth, and all that stir and move here! The primordial sound is said to be: 'Om' ('AUM'), hrIM, SrIM, klIm. These are the earliest sounds that emanated from the divine sources! The exact location of the points of origin of the first sound is yet to be traced. It is now so crowded noisy a place that it is extremely difficult to trace it! The origin of the sounds, however, can be easily traced within us if we can apply the principle of "tattvamasi"!. Where else can be the source of sound but our own breath? 

  The most beautiful experience one can have is to experience the deep silence in the pitch dark! This is almost stated as the sakshatkara, a divine bliss! Meditate on 'silence' in deep silence, the brahmn! 

Thursday, 24 December 2020

The Highest Knowledge (para vidya)

Bhagavan Shree Krishna tells Arjuna that He is revealing him "the most secret, highest knowledge knowing which there will be nothing else left to know!" Such a beautiful secret knowledge is available to us! But, the Lord further adds that "One in a thousand is ever showing interest to attain to Me"! In fact, we are such fools.

 What is that secret highest knowledge and why are we, fools, not interested in it?

  This secret knowledge is explained in Chapter 7- Jnyana-vijnyana yoga. The Knowledge of the Self, 'Atmajnyan' is the secret revealed to Arjuna. This Atman is nothing but the manifest aspect of Brahmn, and that is the Lord seated in the Lotus Heart of all, 'Self' of all. Once this secret is known, there is nothing else need to be known. However, this is not an easy task. How to know this? It is not possible to know that which is the subtler-most than the subtlest, this 'Atman', the Self, through the scriptures, or from the learned sages; not even the devi devata know Him! Then, is this problem of knowing the secret ruled out? No. The means of knowing is also revealed by the Lord!

   The moment an ardent devotee surrenders to the supreme Lord, He reveals Himself to his devotees! But this is also ridiculous! There is no question of a revelation of the 'brahmn' here. 'Brahmn' only exists and nothing else exist besides brahmn! "Brahmn is the absolute". Brahmn is One, and no other exists besides! "What all exists is brahmn only" !  sarvam khaluvidam brahmn

  So, one should realize this secret of 'Brahmn'. The Veda and the Upanishads, the Brahma sutras, the Bhagavad-Gita- all eulogize /brahmn'. The Bhagavad-Gita is an yogopanishad and 'brahmavidya'. It reveals the utmost secret knowledge, 'brahmn', revealed to Arjuna. Once, a person realizes this manifest aspect of 'brahmn' in everything, he/she becomes a jnyani. A Jnyani is superior to all! So, one should know that "everything that exists here is the manifest form of brahmn" in its subtlest form and assumes the gross form (that is only transient!).

   This highest knowledge of "Who the supreme Lord is and how He manifests Himself as everything" will help us to develop a divine attitude and ignore the weaknesses of others and seek the divine in all!

Monday, 21 December 2020

Vidya

 "Vidya', Knowledge, jnyan, is of two kinds, concerning here and there. The first one is aihika (iha) and the other is paramarthika (para). We all think we know something about 'this', 'here', iha, but not very clear about it. As regards the other, 'para', we do not know anythingThere are scriptures that explain these aspects. Some of the great thinkers have presented the philosophical perspective of this aihika and and the paramarthika aspects. Accordingly, we the living beings confined here are the ones living an aihika jivana, a worldly life. This is a routine life of struggling for food and water (hunger, thirst), sleep, and dream. The waking life jagrata is followed by svapna and sushupti. the jiva struggling throughout the day for satisfying its needs, and desires, living a sensuous life, finally seeks rest. The entire life span of about a hundred or  less than that is spent this way, here. There is no question of thinking about the paramarthika! Very rarely a blessed soul that seeks redemption from the bondage, the breaking of the shackle of, the chain of repeated birth and death, embodiment of the soul will start thinking about the paramarthika, mukti moksha! 

    There are accounts of heaven and hell (svarga and naraka). But, we are not clear about these. Garuda purana speaks a lot about the sufferings of the jiva, the soul that seeks redemption, karma klesha, etc. it is our firm belief that persons who do good here (on earth) will enter the heaven (Svarga loka), enjoy the good things and return to earth after the fruits of good deed exhaust! Where is this heaven, svarga loka is the question? The seven vyahrutis, realms of existence are of course mentioned in the Gayatri mantra. The first three are the earth (bhu), akasha (bhuvah), and the solar realm (svar). These are the lower realms. The higher realms are of  janah (pitru), tapah (Rishi or jnyani),and the sat (Brahm).  In between is the mahar loka. This is the intermediate one that is very important barrier between the lower and the higher. In fact, these are governed by the elements and their deities. These are realms of existence in gross and subtler forms! The seven realms are: the earth (soil/food), water, fire, air, space, and the invisible forces that govern the higher realms, and finally the Brahmn.

   It is stated that the embodied soul that exists here on earth as a living gross form can take to yoga abhyasa, gain supremacy, control over the elements and attain to the highest brahmn, Thus an ordinary person can become a sanyasi, a saint, a Rishi, drushtara, attain to and gain divine status and even get merged in brahmn.

   What more a jiva can aspire on this earth!

Saturday, 19 December 2020

                                                     The Endless Quest

   Ever since we are born here, the eternal quest is to find the ‘Truth’, the nature of our existence, and the reality of this world. It is the in-born trait, the inherent quality of the jiva, to search, ‘to know’ and there is no peace till one finds the answers! Some of the questions that persist are:

1. Is there a beginning or end to this creation? 

2. Whether the phenomenal objective world is real?

3. Who are we and where do we come from?

4. Is there ‘Rebirth’? What is ‘Death’? Where do we go after death?? 

5. Who is the ‘Creator’? What is the purpose of creation? 

6. What is the goal of life, purushartha sadhane? 

7. What are the ‘Scriptures’ that may help us to realize our goals?

8. What are the different perspectives regarding all these Scriptures? 

9. What is the source of the ‘Bhagavad-Gita’? What is the central idea of the Gita?

10. What is the true nature of our existence? Do we ever realize it?  

   These questions have been asked repeatedly for centuries. Many a great sages, Rishis, drushtaras, have contemplated on each of these questions and have visualized the ‘truth’. We are blessed, indeed, that their vision, understanding imparted to their trusted disciples have come down to us in the tradition of guru-shishya parampara. This is our spiritual heritage. We have thus, ‘shruti’ (heard) and ‘smruti’ (memorized) texts. These are ‘truth’, knowledge, obtained in the state of deep meditation, contemplation, or transcendental meditative state of higher consciousness (savikalpa samadhi). The modern scientists are also working on these questions and presented their observations in the form of postulations, theories, hypotheses, and probabilities.

    The spiritualists, on the one hand, and the scientists, on the other, have almost converged on these points. The scientists are now trying to understand the language, the signs and symbols, the images, similes and metaphors, and the coded words of the scriptures and confirm some of the observations of the sages! The Bhagavad-Gita as Brahma vidya and yoga shastra is a very valuable guide available to us! 

    However, the problems remain. The common man cannot understand the ‘reality’. This needs a determined effort. The study of scriptures (nidhidhyasana), association of learned people (satsang), and rigorous practical spiritual exercise (dhyana and yoga) under an attained Guru. Further, these questions are eternal. Every jiva asks these questions again and again although it is aware of the causes of its suffering! 


Wednesday, 16 December 2020

The Salient features of the Bhagavad-Gita

 1.   The Source of the Bhagavad-Gita- Unknown! In the words of Bhagavan, “It was first imparted to Vivasvan, the Sun (4.56 billion years ago!)”. (See Ch. IV. Verse 1). It is the ‘spoken words’ of the Lord, as stated in the Gita (Bhagavan uvacha). Since He, the Lord, is the self of all, seated within us all anybody can hear it! His voice is heard when one sits calm and quiet and intently looks within, in a transcendental state of mind (samadhi yoga). There is no doubt this!

2.   Who is the author of the ‘Divine Song’ the Gita?

  The Bhagavad-Gita is a narration of what Minister Sanjaya of the Blind King Dhrutarashtra about the happenings on the Battleground ‘Kuru-kshetra’ of Hastinapura. Here, Sanjaya starts with “Bhagavan said ...”, and as such, It is none other than the supreme Lord, Shree Krishna speaking! However, the popular belief is that Vedavyasa dictated the epic Mahabharata in which the Bhagavad-Gita appears! Thus, these are Shree Krishna’s own pronouncements. Bhagavan Shree Krishna, as pure Consciousness, imparted this secret knowledge of ‘brahmavidya’ and ‘yogashastra’ to Arjuna (personified as the confused Mind) This is repeatedly stated at the end of each of chapter of the Gita as: “Bhagavad-Gitasu upanishatsu brahmavidyaya yogashastre ….”

3.     Who is Shree Krishna?

 At the outset, there are the great epics- Mahabharata and the Srimad Bhagavatam in which Shree Krishna is the central figure. The Bhagavad-Gita appears as an episode in the Bhishma parva of the Mahabharata, These epics are believed to be authored by Sage Vedavyasa, who is none other than Shree Krishna Dvaipayana as stated in the Gita! (Ch. X). Bhagavan is the Supreme Self (‘Param-Atman’), pure consciousness (purnam-prajnyam). He, the Lord, is divine, non-dual; however, may enter anywhere, pervade (pravishat) as ‘in divi dual’ consciousness, manas (Mind) as Arjuna!   Bhagavan Shree Krishna says that “He is never born, nor does He die.” He actually descends from the Heavens! The Lord says that “He always exists as the formless (‘nirakara’), without any attributes (‘nirguna’), Eternal (‘nitya’), always exists (‘nirantara’), and never perishable! He may take any form anywhere, anytime as He wills! He is smaller than the smallest and larger the largest (anoraniyan mahatomahiyan)! He, the Lord, further says, “Neither the learned sages, nor the Gods and Goddesses, will ever know Him, nor can He be known through the study of scriptures, or by any other means!” This is because, “He only exists and, nothing else exists besides Him!” Further, He asserts that, “He, the Lord Paramatman, exists in all as the Self (Atman) of all.” If He only exists and nothing else besides Him, it is for us to see Him within us, and realize, experience, visualize, and become one ‘merged in Him’- discarding all that we have acquired as body, senses, mind, intellect, ego and all the qualities associated with Prakruti (Nature). This is the spiritual essence of the Gitopadesha. The term ‘Krishna’ means, “that which has no limit of time, that will not diminish with time.”

4.Who is Arjuna?

 Arjuna is the individualized consciousness, albeit ‘divine’, a blemished mind (polluted by desire, ego, and other qualities) the blessed child ‘mantrasya-putrah’ of blessed by Indra, the ‘God of all Gods’ (devaadideva). In fact, all the Pandava (Karna included) are born by the ‘Grace of Gods’, the boon (in the form of mantra) given to Kunti, and not born as children from King Pandu like ordinary mortals!

5.     What is the main theme of the Gita?

  As ‘brahmavidya’ and a ‘yogopanishat’ the theme of Bhagavad-Gita is ‘liberation of the embodied soul’. The basic concept is that the “the jiva existed in the beginning in its pure state as an ‘energy particle’- chaitanya (prana), chit (prajnya), and vital-airs. It got enmeshed as a jiva on the earth!! The pure energy particle, chaitanya, ‘prana’, has now become a ‘prani’ (living being) embodied in an earthen shell (bhuti-sharira). This living being (prani) looks out for liberation, release from its earthly existence! The jiva is locked in a chain, condemned to a repeatedly embodied state in one form or the other. Once, the jiva realizes its predicament it (as confused mind) looks for guidance to a higher power (pure consciousness). Here comes the Gita as “Words of Bhagavan” that helps the jiva to revert to its pure state! The supreme Lord only comes here to teach ‘yoga’ and ‘Atmajnyan’ and ‘brahmavidya’ and thereby, helps the troubled souls to revert to their pure state. With the help of the Gita, the jiva can get cleansed of all its karma klesha and merge in Bhagavan. Here, the term ‘yoga’ (meaning, ‘yuj’) is taught in order to merge in Him, ‘get united’ with the Lord! It does not matter whether one accepts or not this fundamental principle! The Lord knows this and says, “Those who do not faith or believe My words will perish”! samshayatma vinashyati | The exact way of creation of life-forms, as well as, their release from cycle of rebirths, bondage, is described here. Hence, the purpose of this entire unwritten scripture, spoken words of Bhagavan Shree Krishna, is to enlighten the ignorant jivas and liberate them from suffering; it comes as a guide, a handbook, for all humanity to live a fruitful life, seek solace in times of distress and revert back to the pure pristine formless state!

6.     What is ‘Brahmavidya’?

 ‘Brahmavidya’ is the highest knowledge, ‘para-vidya’. It is the ‘Knowledge supreme’ (Vedanta)! It is the Knowledge of the Self, Atmajnyan.

7.     What is ‘yoga shastra’?

 'Yoga' is the means of attaining to ‘unity-consciousness’ (samprajnyata), ‘oneness (‘yuj’) with brahmn’. Having arrived on this Earth (mrutyu loka) where that which is born has to die. Here, death is certain, besides ill-health, sickness, and old age, the suffering jivas look forward for some divine help and appeals to God! The Gitopadesha comes as a divine help, the means of emancipation, liberation, getting back or reverting to pure state, of Consciousness, ‘chit’, gains knowledge of the Self, Atmajnyan.

8.     What is ‘emancipation (Mukti and Moksha)? 

 'Mukti' and 'Moksha' have much deeper meaning as revealed in the last Chapter of the Gita. This is the very sum and substance of the Gita. This is imparted by the Lord. It is the ‘Realization of the Self’ or ‘Atmajnyan’ that brings about liberation.

9.  What is taught by the Lord here and what is the methodology”?

 The Bhagavad-Gita deals with emancipation step by step. It starts with the troubled mind and ends with enlightenment. The supreme Lord, Bhagavan Shree Krishna goes on advising we the mortals through ‘Arjuna’ how to attain to ‘Self’. First, He, the Lord, advises us (through Arjuna) to perform our ordained duties without any expectations (‘nishkama karma’) and then goes on to explain how bhakti, jnyan, dhyana, and samadhi as regular practice, ‘abhyasa yoga’ and ‘nirasakti yoga’ will help the troubled souls, confused minds, seeking solace to realize its true nature, and thereby, get released from bondage. Since the Lord Himself is seated as ‘antaryamin’, the very consciousness of the jivas, the spoken words of the Lord is not very difficult to understand by any ordinary person. Here Bhagavan Shree Krishna speaks in very clear terms. He, the Lord, says, “The jiva can obtain knowledge and wisdom and thereby gets discretionary power (viveka) to know ‘what to do’ and ‘what not to do’. Then, the jiva takes to sacrificial rituals, yajnya, daana, and finally, sanyasa (renunciation).

 Thus, the jiva is redeemed from its bondage, released from the shackles of kala, niyati and other limitations (‘maya’). Once the jiva is enlightened as to its true nature- sat chit, and ananda, the shackles of karma are broken and the consequent rebirths (punarjanma) in different forms and the associated sufferings end.

 Conclusion: Bhagavan Shree Krishna comes here as ‘friend, philosopher, and guide’ not only to Arjuna, but to all of us. As a friend, He says “I am always with you. I shall take care of you”. As a philosopher, He advises us not to worry, whatever happens, happens. It is beyond your limits!” And, as a Guide, Bhagavan gives several options and allows liberty to pick and choose whatever means that suits you. Finally, He, the Benevolent Lord, assures that “Ultimately all will reach Him!”

Monday, 14 December 2020

Contemplate

    Focus attention on the spoken words of Bhagavan Shree Krishna.   

     "One should know that 'yoga' means severance of contact with sorrow." 

   This yoga should be practiced with steadfastness and perseverance and a pure heart". it is also stated "All thoughts emanating from desires should be eschewed and the mind should be restrained and the senses controlled. One should gradually withdraw intellect and fix the mind on the Self, and should not think of anything;. contemplate and experience the Blis

Monday, 30 November 2020

Some Atharava Veda Mantra (Tr.)


  Now we give here some Atharva Veda mantra sloka (Tr.) for reference and compare these with the other Veda mantra given in the preceding blocks. The readers can make out the nature of the mantra and how the concerned Rishi perceived these! 

   The Sama Veda mantra are of the nature of prayer to Gods. The Atharva Veda mantra mainly deal with our daily life. These are very helpful in warding off evil and protecting ourselves and our family. These mantra are for deep meditation, contemplation! The mantra are available for download separately.

    We invoke him, the Lord of what moves and what moves not, the inspirer of our thoughts. May he come to our aid! May this our divine Protector and Guard, the unfailing one, cause our wealth to increase, that we may long flourish! [Rk Veda I, 89, 5]. That splendor that resides in an elephant, in a king among men, or within the waters, with which the Gods in the beginning came to godhood, with that same splendor make me splendid, O Lord. O All-Knowing God, that powerful strength with which sacrifice endows you, the strength of the sun, the strength of the elephant, King among men-- may the t     “Behold the elephant, best of all creatures to mount and to ride! I anoint myself with his share of strength, with his elephant splendor! With the splendor that resides in a lion, a tiger, an adder, the fire, Brahman, the sun, may that blessed Goddess who gave birth to Indra now come to us, endowed with splendor! With the splendor that resides in an elephant, a leopard, in gold, in the waters, in cattle and in men, may that blessed Goddess who gave birth to Indra now come to us, endowed with splendor! [Atharva Veda VI, 38, That splendor that resides in an elephant, in a king among men, or within the waters, with which the Gods in the beginning came to godhood, with that same splendor make me splendid, O Lord. O All-Knowing God, that powerful strength with which sacrifice endows you, the strength of the sun, the strength of the elephant, King among men-- may the two Spirits, garlanded with lotus, vouchsafe that to me! From the four directions, as far as the eye can direct its gaze, may that force, that elephant splendor, assemble and concentrate its virtue in me.” [Atharva Veda III, 22, 3-5]

Some Sama Veda mantra (Tr.)

   “Om. Narada approached Sanatkumara as a pupil and said: Venerable Sir, please teach me. Sanatkumara said to him: Please tell me what you already know. Then I shall tell you what is beyond. Narada said: Venerable Sir, I know the Rig-Veda, the Yajur-Veda, the Sama-Veda, the Atharva-Veda as the fourth Veda, the epics (Puranas) and ancient lore (Itihasa) as the fifth, the Veda of the Vedas (i.e. grammar), the rules of the sacrifices by which the Manes are gratified, the science of numbers, the science of portents, the science of time, logic, ethics, etymology, Brahma-vidya (i.e. the science of pronunciation, ceremonials, prosody, etc.), the science of elemental spirits, the science of weapons, astronomy, the science of serpents and the fine arts. All this I know, venerable Sir.” [Sama Veda, Chandogya Upanishad VII, I - Dialogue between Narada and Sanatkumara, 1-2].

   “If we have injured space, the earth, or heaven, or if we have offended mother or father, from that may Agni, fire of the house, absolve us and guide us safely to the world of goodness. As that truthful man is not burnt so also one who has known Sat is not born again. Thus in That (Sat) all that exists has its self. That is the True. That is the Self. “That thou art”, Svetaketu.” [Sama Veda, Chandogya Upanishad VI, XVI - Liberation for the Knower of Brahman, 1, 3].

The organ of speech departed. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just as dumb people live, without speaking, but breathing with the prana (nose), seeing with the eye, hearing with the ear and thinking with the mind. Then the organ of speech entered the body.The eye departed. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just as blind people live, without seeing, but breathing with the prana, speaking with the tongue, hearing with the ear and thinking with the mind. Then the eye entered the body. The ear went out. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just as deaf people live, without hearing, but breathing with the prana. Speaking with the tongue, seeing with the eye and thinking with the mind. Then the ear entered the body. The mind went out. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just like children whose minds are not yet formed, without thinking with the mind, but breathing with the prana, speaking with the tongue, seeing with the eye and hearing with the ear. Then the mind entered the body. [Sama Veda, Chan. Upa. V, I - The Supremacy of the Prana, 8=11]The organ of speech departed. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just as dumb people live, without speaking, but breathing with the prana (nose), seeing with the eye, hearing with the ear and thinking with the mind. Then the organ of speech entered the body.The eye departed. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just as blind people live, without seeing, but breathing with the prana, speaking with the tongue, hearing with the ear and thinking with the mind. Then the eye entered the body. The ear went out. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just as deaf people live, without hearing, but breathing with the prana. Speaking with the tongue, seeing with the eye and thinking with the mind. Then the ear entered the body. The mind went out. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just like children whose minds are not yet formed, without thinking with the mind, but breathing with the prana, speaking with the tongue, seeing with the eye and hearing with the ear. Then the mind entered the body. [Sama Veda, Chan. Upa. V, I - The Supremacy of the Prana, 8=11].

When water dries up it is swallowed by the air. For indeed the air absorbs them all. So much with reference to the gods. Now with reference to the body: Verily, the prana is the swallower. When a man sleeps, speech goes into the prana, sight goes into the prana, hearing goes into the prana and the mind goes into the prana. For indeed the prana absorbs them all. These are the two swallowers: the air among the gods, the prana among the senses. Then considering her (the princess) as the door for imparting knowledge,  Raikva said: O Sudra! You brought these cows and other presents; this is good. But you will make me speak now only through this means (i.e. the princess). These are the villages named Raikvaparna, in the country of Mahavrishas, where Raikva lived. Now Raikva said to the king: Verily, Vayu (the air) is the swallower (samvarga). For when fire goes out it is indeed swallowed by the air. When the sun sets it is swallowed by the air. When the moon sets it is swallowed by the air. When water dries up it is swallowed by the air. For indeed the air absorbs them all. So much with reference to the gods. Now with reference to the body: Verily, the prana is the swallower. When a man sleeps, speech goes into the prana, sight goes into the prana, hearing goes into the prana and the mind goes into the prana. For indeed the prana absorbs them all. These are the two swallowers: the air among the gods, the prana among the senses. 

    Then considering her (the princess) as the door for imparting knowledge, Raikva said: O Sudra! You brought these cows and other presents; this is good. But you will make me speak now only through this means (i.e. the princess). These are the villages named Raikvaparna, in the country of Mahavrishas, where Raikva lived. Now Raikva said to the king: Verily, Vayu (the air) is the swallower (samvarga). For when fire goes out it is indeed swallowed by the air. When the sun sets it is swallowed by the air. When the moon sets it is swallowed by the air. The attendant searched for him and returned without finding him. Then the king said to him: Listen, where a knower of Brahman is to searched for, look for him there. After proper search the attendant came upon a person who, lying underneath his cart, was scratching an itch. Humbly he took his seat near him and said: Revered Sir, are you Raikva, the man with the cart? Oh yes, I am he, he answered. Then the attendant returned, saying to himself: I have found him out. [Sama Veda, Chan. Upa., IV, I - The Story of Janasruti and Raikva, 5, 7-8]

Some Rk Veda Mantra Artha (Tr.)

   Here, Racehorse, are your haunts for bathing; here are the traces of your champion hooves. Here I have seen the blessed reins that guide you, which those who guard Cosmic Order cherish. [Rk Veda I, 163, 5]

    Whatever sin is found in me, whatever evil I have done, if I have lied or falsely sworn, Waters, remove this stain from me!

 Yours, O King, are solaces a hundred, a thousand! Great and far-reaching be also your favors! Drive far away from us baneful Destruction. Remove from us whatever sin we have committed Rk Veda I, 24, 9]

   Within him is fire, within him is drink, within him both earth and heaven. He is the Sun which views the whole world, he is indeed Light itself-- the long-haired ascetic. [Rk Veda X, 136, 1]

   With all the pleasing skill we may; the birth of Gods we now proclaim in chanted hymns, that Men to come may know the truth of what befell. The Lord of the Holy Word, like a smith, blasted and smelted them together. In erstwhile ages of the Gods from nonexistence existence came. [Rk Veda X, 72, 1-2].

   He who from birth was chief of the Gods, the wise one, protecting with his might the other Gods, before whose energy and mighty exploits the two worlds tremble: he, Men, is the Lord! Who stilled the quaking of the mighty earth and set at rest the agitated mountains, who measured out the middle regions of space and gave the sky support: he, Men, is the Lord! Who slew the dragon and loosed the seven rivers, who drove the cattle out of Vala's cavern, who brought forth fire from between the rocks, victorious ever: he, Men, is the Lord! [Rk Veda II, 12, 1-3]

    If we weak men have sinned against the Gods through thoughtlessness and frailty or through pride, absolve us from this fault, O Savitr, and make us clean from sin before Gods and men. [Rk Veda IV, 54, 3]

You set free Shunahshepa from a thousand stakes, when he was already set for the sacrifice. So Agni, wise Priest, come and take your place and liberate us from the bonds that bind us. [Rk Veda V, 2, 7].

   “The Seer, our father, once offered all these worlds in oblation, assuming a priestly role, and sought to gain riches by the power of prayer; he himself entered later creations, while shrouding in mystery the first creative moment.What was the primal matter, what the substance? How could it be discerned, how was it made? From which the Designer of all things, beholding all, fashioned the Earth and shaped the glory of the Heavens?

  Sahasraksha sahasra bahu sahasrapaat | A myriad eyes are his, a myriad faces, a myriad arms and feet, turning each way! When he, sole God, creates the Earth and Heavens, he welds them together with whirring of arms and wings.

     What was the timber and what the tree from which the Heavens and also the Earth were chiseled forth? Ponder, O wise Men. Question in your hearts. On what did he rely when he formed these worlds?

  “The haunts where you dwell, O Designer ever true to your laws, on high, in the depths, and in every region between, disclose to your friends at the hour of oblation. Willingly offer your body in sacrifice, thus enhancing its vigour.” [Rk Veda X, 81, 1-5].

  “With all the pleasing skill we may; the birth of Gods we now proclaim in chanted hymns, that Men to come may know the truth of what befell. The Lord of the Holy Word, like a smith, blasted and smelted them together. In erstwhile ages of the Gods from nonexistence existence came.” [Rk Veda X, 72, 1-2].

You have no knowledge of him who created these worlds; some other thing has interposed between you. The reciters of hymns who ravish life in their ritual proceed with their muttering, enwrapped in confusion and ignorance. [Rk Veda X, 82, 7].

    Rosy Dawn advances, adorned with the brightness of many a beam. She pursues her way on her well-equipped chariot, arousing Men to joy. Come, O twin Spirits, at break of day on your powerful chariots. We offer in sacrifice this honey-sweet draught for your delectation. How is it that, though united and unsupported, he does not fall down? By what inner power moves he? Who has seen? A firm pillar, he protects heaven's vault. [Rk Veda IV, 14, 3-5].

    A man should think on wealth and strive to win it by adoration on the path of Order, counsel himself with his own mental insight, and grasp still nobler vigor with his spirit. [Rk Veda 10.31.2. rvg, 459]

In how many parts was He transformed when they cut the Purusha in pieces? What did His mouth become? What His arms, what His thighs, what His feet? His mouth then became the brahmana, from the arms the rajanya was made, the vaishya from the thighs, from the feet the shudra came forth. [Rk Veda 10.90.11-12. upb, 894].

   This does not mean the caste system. It is the supreme Lord who manifests Himself as all that exists! L  et’s remember, Shree Rama was a Kshatriya King. Shree Krishna was a Cowherd, Yadava, Vaishya and Gautama who became the Buddha was also a Prince? Where is a Brahmana here? Probably Nara-Narayana Rishi became a Brahmana Rishi! Kings were also great learned competent to discuss scriptural matters with Sages and Rishis! Moreover, Brahmana is ‘Knowledge of Brahman and anybody could attain it!

    At first was neither Being nor Nonbeing. There was not air nor yet sky beyond. What was its wrapping? Where? In whose protection? Was Water there, unfathomable and deep? There was no death then, nor yet deathlessness; of night or day there was not any sign. The One breathed without breath, by its own impulse. Other than that was nothing else at all. [Rk Veda X, 129, 1-2].

    The Moon was born from his mind; the Sun came into being from his eye; from his mouth came Indra and Agni, while from his breath the Wind was born. From his navel issued the Air; from his head unfurled the Sky, the Earth from his feet, from his ear the four directions. Thus have the worlds been organized. Seven were the sticks of the enclosure, thrice seven the fuel sticks were made, when the Gods, performing the sacrifice, bound the Man as the victim. [Rk Veda X, 90, 13-15].

    Aum. O terrestrial sphere! O sphere of space! O celestial sphere! Let us contemplate the splendor of the Solar Spirit, the Divine Creator. May He guide our mind. [Rk Veda (Gayatri Mantra) 3.62.10. hp, 345].

    Incidentally, Sharadhvan, King of Gadi Kingdom, later came to be known as ‘Vishva Mitra’ (Friend of the World) after he got the mantra of Devi Gayatri and, thus, became the drushtara, Rishi. He raised to the status of Brahma Rishi with the help of the Gayatri mantra during his askesis. It is the mantra propitiating the Sun God and one attains the very form (sarupya) of the Savita Devi from the incessant chants of Gayatree.

    “O learned people, may we with our ears listen to what is beneficial, may we see with our eyes what is beneficial. May we, engaged in your praises, enjoy with firm limbs and sound bodies, a full term of life dedicated to God. [Rk Veda 1.89.8. rvp, p. 287]

    Now may this God Savitri, the strong and mighty, Lord of all wealth, vouchsafe to us his riches! May he, extending his far-spreading luster, bestow on us the food that nourishes men! These songs praise Savitri of gentle speech, whose arms are full, whose hands are beautiful. Preserve us evermore, O Gods, with blessings.” [Rk Veda VII, 45, 3-4]

    How I long, O God, for the gracious touch of your hand which heals and brings refreshment, which softens all chastisements of the Gods. Regard me, O Mighty One, with an indulgent eye. [Rk Veda II, 33, 5-7]

   Foremost Purifier, let your lights shine on us now, inspiring us to skill of mind and hand. [Rk Veda IX, 36, 3].

    Your remedies so pure, O powerful Storms, afford us relief and bring us joy. Those which our father Manu chose I beg from the Lord for my own well-being. May God's missile be deflected from us, may the anger of the blazing God overshoot us! Relax your bow of wrath toward our well-wishers. Have pity on our sons and on their children! [Rk Veda II, 33, 13-14]

Sunday, 29 November 2020

Vedic Principles

  The following passages from the Yajurveda give us some idea about the nature of problems discussed in the various Upanishads attached to that. Every passage needs a careful study since a lot of secrets are involved in these mantra. After a deep contemplation on these, one may get some insight into the nature of the world we exist in and what we experience superficially!  

Than whom there is naught else higher, than whom there is naught smaller, naught greater, the One stands like a tree established in heaven. By Him, the Person, is this whole universe filled. [Krishna Yajurveda, Shveatashvatara Upanishad 3.9. upr, 727]

All the sacred books, all holy sacrifice and ritual and prayers, all the words of the Vedas, and the whole past and present and future, come from the Spirit. With maya, His power of wonder, He made all things, and by maya the human soul is bound. Know, therefore, that nature is maya, but that God is the ruler of maya, and that all beings in our universe are parts of His infinite splendor. [Krishna Yajurveda, Shvet. Upa., 4.9-10. upm, 92].

    That deity, after taking away the death-the evil-of the gods, carried them beyond death. First of all, it carried the organ of speech, which is the foremost organ. When the organ of speech was freed from death it became fire. That fire, having transcended death, shines beyond its reach. Then it carried the organ of smell. When it was freed from death it became air (Vayu). That air, having transcended death, blows beyond its reach. Then it carried the organ of sight. When it was freed from death it became the sun (Surya). That sun, having transcended death, shines beyond its reach. Then it carried the organ of hearing. When it was freed from death, it became the quarters (Disha). Those quarters, having transcended death, remain beyond its reach. Then it carried the mind. When the mind was freed from death it became the moon (Chandra). That moon, having transcended death, shines beyond its reach. Thus, verily, that deity carries beyond death him who knows this. [Yajurveda, Brih. Upa., I, III-The Prana: Its Glories and Redeeming Power, 11-16].

 This water is the honey (effect) of all beings, and all beings are the honey (effect) of this water. Likewise, the bright, immortal being who is in this water and the bright, immortal being existing as the semen in the body are both honey. These four are but this Self. The Knowledge of this Self is the means to Immortality; this underlying unity is Brahman; this Knowledge of Brahman is the means of becoming all. This fire is the honey (effect) of all beings, and all beings are the honey (effect) of this fire. Likewise, the bright, immortal being who is in this fire and the bright, immortal being identified with the organ of speech in the body are both honey. These four are but this Self. The Knowledge of this Self is the means to Immortality; this underlying unity is Brahman; this Knowledge of Brahman is the means of becoming all. This air is the honey (effect) of all beings, and all beings are the honey (effect) of this air. Likewise, the bright, immortal being who is in this air and the bright, immortal being identified with the vital breath in the body are both honey. These four are but this Self. The Knowledge of this Self is the means to Immortality; this underlying unity is Brahman; this Knowledge of Brahman is the means of becoming all. [Yajurveda, Brih. Upa. II, V-The Interdependence of Created Objects, 2-4]

   The seer sees not death, nor sickness, nor any distress. The seer sees only the All, obtains the All entirely. For the sake of experiencing the true and the false, the great Self has a dual nature. Yea, the great Self has a dual nature. Yea, the great Self has a dual nature! [Krishna Yajurveda, Maitra Upa. 7.11.6 & 8. uph, 458].    

Thursday, 26 November 2020

Vedic Doctrines

Vedic Prayer:

    We invoke him, the Lord of what moves and what moves not, the inspirer of our thoughts. May he come to our aid! May this our divine Protector and Guard, the unfailing one, cause our wealth to increase, that we may long flourish! [Rk Veda I, 89, 5]

 Give us a share in the Sun by your wisdom and favor. Make us perfect. [Rk Veda IX, 4, 5].

Vedic Doctrines:

   “The Seer, our father, once offered all these worlds in oblation, assuming a priestly role, and sought to gain riches by the power of prayer; he himself entered later creations, while shrouding in mystery the first creative moment.

    What was the primal matter, what the substance? How could it be discerned, how was it made? From which the Designer of all things, beholding all, fashioned the Earth and shaped the glory of the Heavens?

   A myriad eyes are his, a myriad faces, a myriad arms and feet, turning each way! When he, sole God, creates the Earth and Heavens, he welds them together with whirring of arms and wings.

     What was the timber and what the tree from which the Heavens and also the Earth were chiseled forth? Ponder, O wise Men. Question in your hearts. On what did he rely when he formed these worlds? “The haunts where you dwell, O Designer ever true to your laws, on high, in the depths, and in every region between, disclose to your friends at the hour of oblation. Willingly offer your body in sacrifice, thus enhancing its vigour.” [Rk Veda X, 81, 1-5].

  “With all the pleasing skill we may; the birth of Gods we now proclaim in chanted hymns, that Men to come may know the truth of what befell. The Lord of the Holy Word, like a smith, blasted and smelted them together. In erstwhile ages of the Gods from nonexistence existence came.” [Rk Veda X, 72, 1-2].

 “The visible form of fire, while it lies latent in its source, the fire-wood, is not perceived; yet there is no destruction of its subtle form. That very fire can be brought out again by means of persistent rubbing of the wood, its source. In like manner, Atman, which exists in two states, like fire, can be grasped in this very body by means of ‘Om’. By making the body the lower piece of wood and Om the upper piece and through the practice of the friction of meditation, one perceives the luminous Self, hidden like the fire in the wood. As oil exists in sesame seeds, butter in milk, water in riverbeds and fire in wood, so the Self is realized as existing within the self, when a man looks for It by means of truthfulness and austerity-when he looks for the Self, which pervades all things as butter pervades milk and whose roots are Self-Knowledge and austerity. That is the Brahman taught by the Upanishad; yea, that is the Brahman taught by the Upanishads.” [Yajur Veda, Shvet. Upa. Part I, Chapter 1, 13-16].

   “May the sun, at the commencement of yoga, join our minds and other organs to the Supreme Self so that we may attain the Self (‘Knowledge of True Nature of Existential Reality’)? May He, also, support the body, the highest material entity, through the powers of the deities who control the senses. Having received the blessings of the divine Sun and with minds joined to the Supreme Self, we exert ourselves, to the best of our power, toward meditation, by which we shall attain Heaven (Brahman).” [Yajur Veda, Shvet. Upa, Part I, Chapter II, 1-2].

  “The wise man should hold his body steady, with the three upper parts erect, turn his senses, with the help of the mind, toward the heart and by means of the raft of Brahman cross the fearful torrents of the world. The yogi of well- regulated endeavors should control the pranas; when they are quieted he should breathe out through the nostrils. Then let him undistractedly restrain his mind, as a charioteer restrains his vicious horses. Let yoga be practiced within a cave protected from the high wind, or in a place which is level, pure and free from pebbles, gravel and fire, undisturbed by the noise of water or of market-booths and which is delightful to the mind and not offensive to the eye. When yoga is practiced, the forms which appear first and which gradually manifest Brahman are those or snow-flakes, smoke, sun, wind, fire, fire-flies, lightning, crystal and the moon.” [Yajurveda, Shvet. Upa, Part I, Chapter II, 8-11].

  “And when the yogi beholds the real nature of Brahman, through the Knowledge of the Self, radiant as a lamp, then, having known the unborn and immutable Lord, who is untouched by ignorance and its effects, he is freed from all fetters. He indeed, the Lord, who pervades all regions, was the first to be born and it is He who dwells in the womb of the universe. It is He, again, who is born as a child and He will be born in the future, He stands behind all persons and His face is everywhere. The Self-luminous Lord, who is fire, who is in water, who has entered into the whole world, who is in plants, who is in trees-to that Lord let there be adoration! Yea, let there be adoration!” [Yajurveda, Shvet. Upa.,, Part I, Chapter II, 15-17]. 

[Courtsey: These daily verses are drawn from the Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva Vedas, Hinduism's revealed scriptures, which are 6,000 to 8,000 years old. Many of the verses are from the book The Vedic Experience, by Raimundo Panikkar, available at our Minimela online store.]

Tuesday, 24 November 2020

The Self (Atman)

 

Janaka, Emperor of Videha, rose from his lounge, humbly approached Yajnavalkya and said: Salutation to you, O Yajnavalkya. Please instruct me. Yajnavalkya said: Your Majesty, as one who wishes to go a long distance would procure a chariot or a ship, even so you have fully equipped your mind with so many secret names of Brahman. You are also honoured and wealthy; you have studied the Vedas and heard the Upanishads. But do you know where you will go when you are released from this body? Venerable Sir, I do not know where I shall go. [Yajueda, Brihadaranyaka Upanishad IV, II-Concerning The Self, 1[

   But if the life (i.e. living self) leaves one of its branches, that branch withers; if it leaves a second, that branch withers; if it leaves a third, that branch withers. If it leaves the whole tree, the whole three withers. In exactly the same manner, my dear, said he, know this: This body dies, bereft of the living self; but the living self dies not. Now, that which is the subtle essence-in it all that exists has its self. That is the True. That is the Self. That thou art, Shvetaketu. Please, venerable Sir, give me further instruction, said the son. So be it, my dear, the father replied. [Sama Veda, Chandogya Upanishad VI, XI - The Indestructibility of the Jiva, 3]

Bring me a fruit of that Nyagrodha (banyan) tree. Here it is' venerable Sir. Break it. It is broken, venerable Sir. What do you see there? These seeds, exceedingly small, Break one of these, my son. It is broken, venerable Sir. What do you see there? Nothing at all, venerable Sir.

The father said: That subtle essence, my dear, which you do not perceive there-from that very essence this great nyagrodha arises. Believe me, my dear. [Sama Veda, Chandogya Upanishad VI, XII - The Birth of the Gross from the Subtle, 2]

Three States of Our Existence

Yajnavalkya called on Janaka, Emperor of Videha. He said to himself: I will not say anything. But once upon a time Janaka, Emperor of Videha and Yajnavalkya had had a talk about the Agnihotra sacrifice and Yajnavalkya had offered him a boon. Janaka had chosen the right to ask him any questions he wished and Yajnavalkya had granted him the boon. So it was the Emperor who first questioned him.

Yajnavalkya, what serves as light for a man? The light of the sun, O Emperor, said Yajnavalkya, for with the sun as light he sits, goes out, works and returns. Just so, Yajnavalkya. When the sun has set, Yajnavalkya, what serves as light for a man? The moon serves as his light, for with the moon as light he sits, goes out, works and returns. Just so, Yajnavalkya..When the sun has set and the moon has set, Yajnavalkya, what serves as light for a man? Fire serves as his light, for with fire as light he sits, goes out, works and returns. Just so, Yajnavalkya. Give us, Lord, a share of sunlight, of waters, freedom from sin and communion with the living. Do not tarnish the joy of our hearts for we have put our trust in your name. [Rk Veda I, 104, 6]

When the sun has set, Yajnavalkya and the moon has set and the fire has gone out, what serves as light for a man? Speech (sound) serves as his light, for with speech as light he sits, goes out, works and returns. Therefore, Your Majesty, when one cannot see even one's own hand, yet when a sound is uttered, one can go there. Just so, Yajnavalkya.

Which is the self? This purusha which is identified with the intellect (vijnanamaya) and is in the midst of the organs, the self-indulgent light within the heart (intellect). Assuming the likeness of the intellect, it answers between the two worlds; it thinks, as it were and moves, as it were being identified with dreams, it transcends this waking world, which represents the forms of death (ignorance and its effects). [Br. Upa. IV, III-Investigation of the Three States, 1-5,7]. 

What is Beyond?

 

 Om. Narada approached Sanatkumara as a pupil and said: Venerable Sir, please teach me. Sanatkumara said to him: Please tell me what you already know. Then I shall tell you what is beyond. Narada said: Venerable Sir, I know the Rig-Veda, the Yajur-Veda, the Sama-Veda, the Atharva-Veda as the fourth Veda, the epics (Puranas) and ancient lore (Itihasa) as the fifth, the Veda of the Vedas (i.e. grammar), the rules of the sacrifices by which the Manes are gratified, the science of numbers, the science of portents, the science of time, logic, ethics, etymology, Brahma-vidya (i.e. the science of pronunciation, ceremonials, prosody, etc.), the science of elemental spirits, the science of weapons, astronomy, the science of serpents and the fine arts. All this I know, venerable Sir. [Sama Veda, Chandogya Upanishad VII, I - Dialogue between Narada and Sanatkumara, 1-2]

Sunday, 22 November 2020

Brahmana and Aranyaka

     Contrary to the popular belief that ' Brahmana' are people belonging to the Vedic clan, the real meaning of the term is the Vedic literature in prosaic form explaining the meaning of the Veda mantram as also, ritualistic. The Brahmana give the scientific, metaphysical and the spiritual meaning of the Veda mantra. The importance of the Brahmana lie in the deep and vast extent of knowledge involved, starting from the origin of the alphabets, seed syllables (bijakhara) and the root words, phrases. Similarly, 'Aranyaka' are believed to be the Veda recited or studied by the Vedic people residing in forests and performing Vedic rituals. This belief was based on Sayana who said, aranyaadhyayanad etat aranyakam itiryate | It is also said that there is no mention of Aranyaka anywhere in the Aranyaka verses!  Many scholars have treated 'Aranya' as vana, forest, but, the meaning of Arana is based on the root syllable 'Ru' meaning knowledge. "brahmana udaranamasi" (Tai. Aran. 1. 12). Hence, Aranyaka is jnyanaprada, knowledge-oriented! This was most likely taught in secluded places as sacred and secret Vedic doctrines! In fact, both Brahmana and the Aranyaka are better known as the Upanishad versions of the Vedic doctrines. It is the Veda mantra of certain Metres, Chhandas, like trivishtap, gayatri, anushtubh, rather, a poetic form of the Verses. The Brahmana and the Aranyaka are better known as the Upanishads!

  The Upanishads belonging to the Brahmana class of Veda are: Shatapatha Br., Gopatha Br., Aitiriya Br.,Koushithaki Br., Shankayana Br.,- all from Rk veda. the Brahmana from Samaveda are: Tandya belonging to tandi shakha; Shadvimsha, Samavidhana, Arsheya, Daivata, upanishad-brahmana, Samhitopanishad-brahmana, Vamsha, Jaiminiya. The Brahmana of Yajurveda are Taittiriya and Shatapatha. The Brahmana of Atharva Veda is Gopatha Br. as already mentioned/

   The Aranyaka Upanishads are mainly Taittiriya (incl. the Purushasukta), Aitareya, Shankhyana, Brihadaranyaka (incl Atma tattva), Maitrayani, Talavakara,

   In fact, there are 108 Upanishads and, most of them deal with the Creation and the Creator, Sustenanc and the Forces, Shakti, that sustain all that is created, dissolution and the final merger. Most of the Upanishads stress the need for realization of the self, emancipation and means of emancipation such as yoga, mantra japa, dhyana, etc.  

 These may seem a little repetitive, and mention of some Upanishads like the Ishavasya of the Yajurveda, even omitted here, but it is very important and useful to understand how the Vedic knowledge has penetrated deep into our Indian ethos, rituals and customs as a cultural tradition. One need not be a Brahmin to know all the secrets disclosed in these scriptures. There are many interesting accounts of great sages, their contributions regarding the origin of the universe, creation, sustenance, dissolution, and merger of the jiva in paramatman! It is said that the very sounds of these verses heard with rapt attention will bring immense solace! The farmers hearing the Vedic chants coming from temples early morning have reported their joy and say that even the crops yield better! The Veda is for all! 

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Saturday, 21 November 2020

Understanding the Veda

    Generally speaking, the Veda is something restricted to a section of the people who know samskruta bhasha and chant the mantra, the Brahmins. But this is not so! Also, it is wrong to say that there are four Vedas! There are people who go on chattering about the Veda, not knowing a single word of it! This state of ignorance is the main reason why the brahmins are ridiculed. The Veda is simply means 'Vidya', 'Knowledge'. In this sense of the term all knowledge is considered vidya. Maharishi Mahesha Yogi has given the classification of the Veda under forty divisions and sub-divisions. These are the Veda, the Vedanga, the Veda upanga, Veda pratishakhyas and the like. 

    One who knows the Veda is called 'Vedavidu'. One who creates the Veda is the 'Vedakrut'. A 'Viwan' is one who knows the Vidya, 'vid', meaning, 'Knowledge'. Now, the question is: Who is the 'Knower'? Also, "What is 'to be known'? What remains once what is to be known is already known? These are explained as jnyana (Knowledge), jnyeya ('That' which has to be Known), jnyata (one who knows). 'Brahman' is the Knowledge to be known, and, 'He', the Brahmn, is the only one who knows! Ultimately, everything is 'brahmn', the highest knowledge (para vidya) to be known! All else is lower knowledge, (apara vidya)! The scriptural knowledge leading to 'brahmn' is the real knowledge (para), intransient, permanent, immutable, unchanging, unborn, eternal and immortal! The knowledge leading to the material world is the (apara), the transient, ever-changing, impermanent, subject to deterioration and degeneration.  

   Understanding the Veda is not easy. It is impossible to know even one mantra well, let alone a sukta consisting of several mantra! There are 10 552 mantra in the Rk Veda Samhita consisting of 1028 suktas. There are suktas that praise the Elemental Gods, such as, Agn, Vayu, Jal (Nadi), Pruthvi, Akasha. In the beginning the Veda was imparted by Brahma Deva to his Brain-child, manasaputrah Atharvan. This is the Ekayana Veda. Mundakopanishat has the first mantra that states Brahma imparted this Veda to Atharvan to his first-born Atharva.  Brahma is the Creator, the Mind!  Atharvan is the State of Absolute, 'Sat' that manifests as the 'chit'. The vibration of Chit as chitta is the chittavrutti.

   During the early days of Vedic age, it was traditional to chant all the Veda mantra before taking food. This used to take lot of time and the Vedic pundits requested the Lord to help them. Sri Krishna Dvaipayana classified the Veda mantra into four divisions as per the function involved and thereby came to be known as Veda Vyasa. The total number of mantra was about 20 000 imparted to Atharvana, may be Lord Ganapati, whom it is addressed in the Rk Veda first. Thus, the Ekayana Veda, was just Atharva Veda classified by Sage Veda Vyasa. All the Riks (mantra) that deal with Creation are put in the Rk Veda Samhita. The same mantra used to praise, sing, the glory of Gods is in the group of Saman. Mantra used for rituals of forming the Fire pit in the shape of a Bird Hamsa, as per the tradition, Agni Kunda, and then kindling Fire, worship, and offer ahuti, havis, and pray are all in the Yajurveda. The remaining mantra that help people to live a happy. healthy and joyful life remained as the Atharva Veda. There are people who follow certain Vedic traditions came to be known after the Veda mantra they practice, such as, the Rugvedi, Yajurvedi. Some practiced only one or tw or thre or all the four branches and came to be known as Dvivedi, Trivedi, or Chaturvedi.

    The Veda mantra are considered very powerful and effective. The Veda pundits knew that these mantra mantra may be misused by the unscrupulous people and hence tried to keep them secret. Now, the Western Scholars have translated the available texts and mostly misinterpreted them. Understanding the knowledge hidden in the Veda mantra that leads one to param padam, the highest seat, is not easy! There are symbols, imageries, similes, and some dummy words in the mantra that make ordinary people fools if they try to interpret them! Only Yogic practices that take one to transcendental state (samadhi) reveal the self, bring Atmasakshatkara, 'Realization of the Self', will help to get a correct understanding of the Veda mantra (like the Vayu stuti, Gayatri mantra, Rudra, and Shata rudriya, purusha sukta, Shree sukta, etc.).We cannot understand even one mantra properly, in this sense of the real meaning of the Veda.