Monday 31 August 2015

KNOWLEDGE

       ‘Knowledge is of two kinds’, said Sage Angiras to Shaunaka who asked:
        “Sir, what is that, knowing which everything in the world becomes known?”[Mundakopanoshad].
     Mundakopanishad belongs to Atharva Veda wherein Brahma, the creator and the protector himself imparted this science of the Spirit, the basis of all sciences to Atharvan, his eldest son. From Atharvan to Angiras, and from Angiras to Bharadwaj, and to Satyavaha, and he in turn to Angiras, this knowledge of the perishable and the imperishable has been imparted since time immemorial.
        All knowledge including the Vedas and the Upanishads and the science belong to the lower or ‘Apara Vidya’ leads to the attainment of the worldly success (the perishable) and, the higher knowledge or the ‘Para Vidya’ leads to the attainment of the ‘imperishable’. The latter lies beyond the ability of the senses and the Mind to grasp and remains outside the grasp of the humans. It is the knowledge of the ‘Absolute’, the knowledge of the Self, the knowledge of the Finite and it is the Subject. As such, it lies outside the purview of the ordinary senses that always look outward, towards the objective world. The subjective world cannot be perceived by theMind and the senses, the objects; and, all humans are the objects of the Creator. It is only an inward journey, a journey to the world of Spirit, by the earnest and the sincere seeker that can delve into the secrets of the Unknown. Still the Unknown remains knowable but never becomes known!
         Thus, it is all about the ‘endless quest’. It is about the mysteries about the universe, the mysteries of life, of death and after death; about the mysteries of man; his problems of life. It is about emancipation. It is about freedom, liberation, and eternal bliss and happiness. It is about the goal of life. It is about the meaning of life. It is about the proper understanding of the problems of life as also to equip oneself to face life as it comes. It is about experience of life in its full. It is about salvation, or ‘mukti’, i.e., the purification of the mind. ‘Moksha’ is burning of all desires of impure mind and to ‘dwell in Him’, attaining the’ Supreme Bliss’. This does not mean abandoning the great opportunity given to man to live and enjoy on this earth; even the Devas are jealous of this great opportunity of living as humans.
       In a way, it is about the Vedantic views and ways of life, not of abandonment, but of fulflllment! This book will shed light on the evolution of mankind, and the goal and purpose of life. The Vedas make it explicitly clear that one can take to asceticism (the Aranyakas) or to the Grihastashram  (householders), as explicitly given in the Brahmanas. Both have different roles to play and well-defined rules have been laid down. But, ultimately, it is the Realisation of the Brahman, the Absolute, Self that is the goal. This is the Para Vidya, knowledge of the immortal. All other knowledge is of no conesquence in attaining the Self.
        There is no doubt that this life is for enjoyment. Enjoy life and enjoy it so well that you will not hanker after it any more, taking repeated births. Enjoy your life so well that you feel happy and contented. Enjoy your life so well that it leaves no desires for further fulfillment in the next birth. There is a Vedic prayer for the Grace of the Lord to enjoy good health and good life. But, the most important thing is to realize ones’ own Self by a deeper understanding of the Self, the Soul, and the Spirit within.  A number of techniques derived from Indian ancient scriptures are given in this book that will help to understand the meaning of life and lead a happy and successful life.
      There is need for a clear understanding of the Ancient Indian or the Hindu way of life, the Sanatana Dharma, the Vedantic way, the spiritual way. It is a life of peace, prosperity, and universal brotherhood. It is several millennia-old. All the ancient Sages have experienced the trauma of life and have found out the way of getting out of the misery of this life, i.e., emancipation. This book explains the meaning of Vedic hymns, dhyana, contemplation, meditation and the mantras that help us to realize the Self in us. It helps us to understand our ‘Manas’, the Mind and ways and means of controlling the mind. A number of seminal thoughts are given at the end for purpose of contemplation. This will be very useful in controlling the mind through ‘awareness’.                           
        This book deals with the Vedic expositions regarding the origin of the universe, evolution of life and evolution of mankind, the need for living in peace with the other life-forms; it helps to solve the problems of modern day hectic life and identifies the root-cause of our misery, unhappiness, failures, physical and mental stress, tension, sickness, ailments, and disappointments and frustrations. In fact, it is this ageing, sickness and death that prompted Gautama Buddha to seek for an answer that finally ended in his enlightenment.


Need for the Scriptures
        When in doubt, consult the scriptures.  There is a wealth of information about everything found in this world in Rig Veda. The Upanishads constitute the sum and substance of all the four Vedas, viz Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veada and the Atharva Veda. Besides, there are the Puranas, the Bhagavatha, the Bhagavad-Gita that enshrine the guidelines for a happy and succesful life. One can know about the proper way of life, the sensible way of living from these ancient Indian scriptures and avoid the miseries and disappointments in life.
         But, we have come a long way from the Vedic Age and it may seem impossible to live that sort of ascetic life in the modern scientific and technological age. But as Paul Deussen states, if we remember where we came from and that naturally reminds us of where we have to go back. The tension and pressure of modern life further makes it imperative to think of going back to nature. Life is becoming more frustrating and meaningless today.
         We have heard of many a young and promising boys and girls, even the successful professional men and women, committing suicide under frustration, anxiety and tension. Many film stars and scientists of repute have commited suicide. We read these instances in newspapers. But, there is no need to get frightened and run away from life. In fact, this life is not for the cowards; only a ‘dhira’ can live a successful life as advocated in ‘Bhagavad- Gita’. Success or failure in life is a very serious matter. Most of us do not know what is success or failure. Failing to make grade may be a great disppointment for a young boy or girl and losing money in business may be a great disappointment for a yong businessman. Loss of reputation may be a matter of shame to some. Some fail in love and some in getting a job. Some cannot adjust in marriage and get frustrated and end life. But all these are not the real problems!
        Some persons think that renunciation would solve all the problems of life. They feel that only ‘sanyas’ will help to attain spiritual salvation. It is true that anybody with a determination can take to sanyas and realize his Self. But that is not the only way! There are sixty thousand ways to salvation and each can find his own way by intuition, divine will, and Grace of the Lord. Some take to Bhakti marg and some to Karma marg; some persons take to Jnyana marg and others to Kriya marg. It is easy for one to take to ascetic life under the initiation of a ‘guru’. But, it is very difficult to get a true ‘guru’; under these circumstances, there is a fear that one may take to spiritual practices reading books, and it is very dangerous.
        There are warnings not to plunge into the unknown ‘Spiritual’ world without a proper preparation. May be it is marriage leading to householder’s life, or ‘sanyas’, leading to spiritual life, both are full of dangers. None can assure instant happiness and success in life. It is the proper understanding of the meaning and purpose of life alone that can help. ‘Jnyana’ and ‘bhakti’ are essential requirements to cross the ocean of life. What is the golden mean? One must learn the art, science and technique of living.
        The question often asked is ‘whether any body is happy in this world? If the answer is in the negative, why is this world created? The answer to these two questions seems like a riddle of the Spinx. Everyone wants to be happy, and the world has been created for him to be happy. If any person is not happy with this world, it is because he does not know what is happiness and how to live happily in this world; and, may be, he is seeking his illusory happiness where it is not available. After all, happiness comes from within, from contentment, one’s own satisfaction; it is a state of mind and the feeling of happiness come from within oneself. Try to remember an occasion on which you felt immensely happy and joyful.
         A child is very happy and its needs are very few and simple. As the child grows it absorbs everything that is seen and heard and develops an insatiable hunger and thirst for all sorts of things, needed or not needed, and finally gets them only to discard them; not only that, it cries for more! A grown-up man is like a grown-up child, and he goes on struggling throughout life to acquire things, whether these things really give him happiness or not, and finally he feels disappointed. He goes on blaming this world for his mistakes and for his inability to understand the meaning of life. Some are over-confident and try to bulldoze everything that comes their way; and some are afraid of facing life and take recourse to cut it short. Fear is one of the inherent weaknesses of man. 
      Ignorance brings fear and knowledge gives power. When one knows the reality of nature, he becomes one with it and there is no fear of ‘the other’. When one knows the realities of life there is no expectations from the other, and hence, not any disappointment.  A number of Mantras are given for contemplation and ‘dhyan’. Repetition of these Mantras will give immense strength and power. Concentration will produce extra-ordinary success in life. It is important that each and every word is potent and pregnant with meaning and, contemplation on that serves as an unfailing support to life. Since mind always wants some support it clings even to fear or some obsession of some imaginary memory. Hence, it is absolutely essential to give some support to this mind. People take to games that ultimately end up in gambling; some take to drugs for fun that turns him into an intractable addict. Some indulge in sex promiscuously, in a state of inebriation. Some fall in love with every girl he meets and some commit the folly of indulging in all sorts of undesirable means to acquire power, wealth, social status and even resort to crime. Some revel in a state of ego and look down with contempt everybody including the Lord Almighty. They have no respect or value for anybody or anything. Ultimately, for a wise man this world appears like a lunatic asylum where all are busy searching for something that does not exist there. It is like ‘searching for a black cat in a dark room which is not there’.                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

           Life is a journey to be accomplished with single-minded devotion, dedication, steadfastness, and un-wavering mind; it is, as if, an offering to the Lord Almighty who created us with a purpose. Finally, it is a total merger with ‘That’. It is all contemplation, mind tuned towards sublime bliss; the mind turned away from the gross, mundane, sensate world. There is no more hankering after the sensual desires once the ‘Reality’ is felt ‘within’. The mind is under the supervision of the consciousness, ‘Sakshi’ the inner eye that perceives the fickle and irrational behavior. ‘Buddhi’ keeps the mind under control; the mind that puts the senses under its command to irrational errands will thus be checked.

          Swami Shivananda of Rishikesh says that, “a knowledge of the ways and habits of the mind, and its operations, the laws of the mind and the method of mental control and mental discipline, is very necessary if you want to enjoy real happiness and peace of an unruffled and abiding nature. You cannot expect everlasting happiness and perennial joy in the world of sense around us. The mischievous monkey- mind plays havoc in a variety of ways and causes and cares, worries and anxieties. Money, property, women and children do not give permanent satisfaction.  This is the experience of all people”.                   

        The sooner one gets a glimpse of the truth behind the human mind’s mischievous play offering false notions of happiness, promising escape routes to drudgery of life and thus getting trapped, better it is. Realize the nature of mind; watch its behavior in a sense of ‘choice-less awareness’.  Rest-less mind stops to rest for a while; continue to remain in that state as long as possible; by continuous practice one can continue to be in this state of blessedness. This is the true path from wretchedness of the mundane sensate world to blessedness of the heavenly world.                                            

         After all, it is Manas, the ‘mind’ that matters. If one is fully aware of his mind and moods, one can easily cross the hurdles of life. Life is what one makes out of it. It is wisely said, that it is in the ‘becoming’ that is more important from what is ‘being’. Not only the ancient wisdom but modern science too is explored here in order to understand the mysteries of modern man. In spite all the progress made in science, the life of man still remains vain, unfulfilled, wanting, and keeps one in constant search of the real meaning and purpose of life. Thus, a number of questions are raised and answered in this book. 

        Modern life is full of stress. At every step, man is not sure of himself and anxiety kills him. Mind management is, in fact, very useful in combating illness and diseases emanating from stress. Now it is found that the much- dreaded cancer and heart attack are due to stress and these can be prevented by the technique of mind control. Unknowingly tension and stress accumulates leading to illness. One has to be cautious of his pursuits in life if he wants to enjoy it in peace. It is observed that psychosomatic problems are better solved by ‘placebo effect’ through mind management!

       It is in the ‘Bhagavad-Gita’, that the word ‘Maya’ is used in the sense almost of ‘magical’ power; and God, the Great Magician, is declared to ‘cause the spirit host to resolve as by the power of His divine magic’. (Bhagavad Gita Ch. XVIII: Verse 61). ‘The living beings in the world are declared to be resorting to the demoniacal sort of life when God robs them of their wisdom by His power’ (Ch.VII.Verse 15). Upanishads also refer to this world as ‘illusion’ or dream; and as such, the problems of such a world should have magical solutions. And, each ‘Mantra’ in the Vedas and Upanishads is a formula. Hence, the techniques of mind control, ‘manoniyantran’ are called the ‘magic formulae’ here.

          Manas (Mind) makes the 'manav', the man; and his Manas makes his world. Manas (Mind) is the world. Manas (Sansk.) i.e., the mind, is an amazing thing!  Mind works always with the past as memories, or the future as hope.  With this powerful tool we can change the memories of the past or create the future. Positive thinking, creative visualization, neuro-linguistic programming, and emotional intelligence all use some form of mental programming and restructuring to achieve amazing results. This will help us to release ourselves from the shackles of fatalistic and self-defeating concepts of fate and luck. We can control our destinies by programming our mind to achieve our goals. The power of the human mind is enormous and limitless. We can overcome defeatist tendencies and remove the stumbling blocks that are coming in the way of realizing our dreams. Although we cannot change our past, at least, we can re-program our mind and thereby change our experiences, and our memories of the past. By this way, we can erase all our painful traumatic experiences, sad memories, disappointments and negative feelings that are stored in our subconscious mind. 

        It is amazing that our subconscious mind is literal and trusting. It believes whatever the conscious mind tells it. It cannot differentiate the real and imagined situations. This is the secret of the mind and we can use it to change our lives and need not curse our destiny and fate anymore. Even under extreme situations that drives one to commit suicide such as failure in love, or inability to cope with a situation, the state of mind or the attitude can be changed to one’s advantage and life can be made more lively. ‘Failure is the stepping stone of success’, they say. This is the Mind management technique.
        Vedanta shows the way as to how to understand the mind. It provides the technique of gaining not only spiritual wealth but also material wealth that the ‘Vasundhara’ or ‘Dharitri’–the Earth offers. This technique of gaining material prosperity through Vedanta is by practising particular methods of action. It explains scientifically how we could exercise our optimum capacity for efficient and productive action. Personality development experts are suggesting the use of both sides of the brain in order to harness the full potential of the human brain. But it is certain that, due to lack of mental concentration we are not able to use our capacity to optimum, let alone harness our potentialities. Our ramblings into the past and dabbling anxiously about our future kill our present.  Brooding over memories of past actions and expectations of fruits of work swing back and forth not allowing the mind to dwell on the present. This is a fundamental quality of the mind.
        ‘Vendanta’ provides ways and means of controlling the mind. It helps us to live in the present and concentrate on the work on hand. It helps us to channelise all our energy, ‘chitta ekagrata’ (concentration of mind) into present activity. It helps us to save the dissipating energy thereby making us more efficient, our efforts more fruitful and productive. Vedanta provides many more avenues to peace and prosperity. Vedanta provides a blue print for efficiency, productivity and prosperity. Vedanta expounds various methods of successful and practical living. It provides a very positive approach to life and presents the highest knowledge of life and practical living. If we get this knowledge, we will have power- both spiritual and material. We will gain peace and dynamism in one stretch. We will not have worry or anxiety, stress or strain, and life becomes an experience without which we are lost in wilderness.
      This work on Manas (‘Mind’) blends the modern with the ancient, scientific and the spiritual, old and the new, and the oriental and the occidental methods and thus, paves way for a happy, successful, and contented life; and, this book is the product of a long-sustained effort to understand this world, the meaning of life, the goal and purpose of life, the secret behind the success and failure, joy and sorrow, the future of mankind and such other problems. At first it may seem very difficult for laymen to evince keen interest in this work; also, it may be difficult to understand this work bordering science, philosophy, religion, morals and ethics; gradually, he will find it very interesting touching his personal life and create a hunger for the Divine.
        There is mention of many Hindu Gods here, and the names mentioned like Sri Krishna, or Sri Vishnu, or Sri Hari Narayana, are all figurative. In a sense, the moment you give a name to God Almighty, you become the father or mother of the God for it is the Parents who give name to children. God has no name and form. The prefix ‘Sri’ or ‘Shree’ stands for beauty and bounty; similarly, God Vishnu stands for the ‘All-pervading’, ‘Vish’ meaning, ‘ to pervade’. Similarly, Hari means the ‘flow’, the cosmic flow of energy, Prana, the ‘life- sustaining force’. It also means ‘the sword that cuts ignorance’. Also ‘Narayana’ means a person who had ‘nara’, water as his abode. It alo means ‘journey (yana) of man (nara) in space’. Similarly, ‘Achyuta’ and ‘Krishna’ mean one who has no death or decay. ‘Chuyti’ means death and,‘Krish’ means, ‘to wear out’, decay. Hence, where is the mention of names of Hindu Gods in all these? These are the Sanskrit words conveying certain meaning. In Sanskrit, Sri Hari means ‘sweetness’. It is always very sweet to utter Lord’s name; it is pleasant to hear (‘Karnamruta’). Everybody wants to hear His name. One is not tired of hearing his name repeatedly. It brings joy, happiness to repeat His name. God is the Lord Almighty who has no name or form. We may imagine him in our own form since it is ‘ He’ who has created us as a microcosm of Himself. Man is a microcosm, replica of the macrocosm. His power and glory made us to give Him several hands and heads and worship Him. This Veda!
        It is the beauty of the Sanskrit language that the words are pregnant with meaning. Take for example, ‘Prapancha’ (world). Here,‘Pra’and ‘pancha’ mean that ‘objective world that comes within the grip of of the five senses’, in other words, the ‘sensate world’. So also, the syllable ‘ka’ which stands for ‘kana’ (anu), meaning the microcosm; the syllable ‘Kha’, on the other hand, stands for ‘Akhand’ meaning the macrocosm. The one-syllable word ‘Om’ includes the whole of the cosmic entity, the Cosmogony. Unlike other languages that are written and read from right to left, or from top to bottom, Sanskrit is directly piercing the heart with out entering the mind; it is considered the language of the Gods (Devanagari), the language of the soul, the spirit. The words and images are formed with the very origin of the universe with the word ‘AUM’ or ‘Om’, the sound that reverberated with the Big Bang. The word reaches, rather pierces, the heart and the meaning of the word come out of the heart. AUM is Atman=Unite=Manas, or the Absolute=Unite=Man. or AUM, the Akhand (the Whole) Unites Micro (the Anu). These are some simple formulae to understand the mysteries of this universe
         In Veda, each word has got inherent intrinsic power and a person with austerity and deep meditation can use them as ‘mantra’ and gain enormous power. For example, the letter ‘Ja’ in ‘Japa’ stands for annihilation of cycle of births and deaths and, ‘Pa’ stands for eradication of sins (papa). Some words can cure diseases, while others console and soothen the distressed mind. Some words energise and others dampen the spirit. The syllable “Ka’ stands for joy whereas  “Kha’ stands for supreme Bliss. A slight change in the expression makes a world of difference; often the same word contains both (opposite) meanings. A slight variation in the expression of the word ‘Amruta’ can make a lot of difference in the meaning; ‘ Amruta’, what is ‘elixir’ that produces immortality, becomes ‘mruta’ the dead by just suppressing “a’ in it.  While Sanskrit language has got this strength, other languages simply float the meaning and no words of other languages come nearer to, or equivalent to, some Sanskrit words. Hence, Sanskrit words are used in the text here along with their English equivalents. Glossory given at the end of the Text will be of some help.
       It is the Lord Almighty to whom we use the terms ‘He’ and ‘Him’, or the ‘Divine Force’ referred to as ‘That’. ‘He’ who resides in every creature as ‘soul’ is the real God and He is common to all the six-and-odd billion people as well as the plants and animals of this Planet Earth; and, ‘He’ has no name and form! If you so desire, you can give a name and form to ‘Him’ and worship ‘Him’. All these five or six Millennia, we have been doing only this.
     Jesus Christ, Sri Krishna, Sri Rama, Gautama Buddha and Mahavira are the avatars, incarnations of the Lord. In a way, these are the persons who have purified their mind and soul, raised their level of consciousness to unite with the Supreme Consciousness and thereby developed their inner strength to become so powerful that they ‘swayed the world’ and have ultimately become the hope and faith of millions of people. Many spiritual leaders like Shri Ramana Maharishi, Shri Ramakrishna, have developed their inner strength, attained purity of mind, heart and soul, and they too have become the hope and aspirations of their followers. That way, everybody can attain this spiritual height by mere sadhana, practice of Sama, Dama, Dharana, Dhyan, Meditation and Samadhi.
        ‘Manoniyantrana Tantra’, techniques of mind control, deals with Yoga. The panacea for all worldly disappointments and misery is Meditation, according to Vedanta. Meditation a few minutes every day will restore the cool of the mind and ensure all success in day-to-day life. A doctor who follows the guidelines given in this book will achieve extraordinary success in his profession for he will realize the play of the hidden hand in saving lives of patients and reducing their pains. Similarly, an engineer will realize the extraordinary meaning and depth of his profession and gains insight into the working of machines. The yogic powers are such that one can identify the faults in a machine by mere touch, sounds and vibrations, without even opening it up. All sorts of professionals can gain success and happiness from the study of this small book. The bloated ego of man makes him an imaginary giant, who can destroy this world by his wickedness but cannot sustain it by his humility, love, piety, compassion, and fellowship.
        The Hindu philosophy of life believes in Karma and Metempsychosis. Except for Charvaka, all other doctrines are united on this. It is only Charvaka, who is a materialist and secular, who does not offer any reason or theory to support his version of evolution of man and a reasoned theory of man and the universe. Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya and Yoga believe in the authenticity of the Vedas and accept dualism or Vishishta Dvaitism. Purva mimamsa, and Uttara Mimansa advocate ‘Advaitism’. 
         Samkhya philosophy considers that Prakruti and Purusha account for everything. Purusha is the individual soul, of which there is an unlimited number. Primordial Prakruti is matter consisting of the twenty-four principles ranging from the three gunas-the tamas, rajas and sattvic, down to the gross earth.  By the joinder of Purusha and Prakruti, spirit and matter, samsara is the result. Their divorce is the goal to be reached! Both are real entities that get on without any controlling force or power.
    At every corner of the road there is a new vista and a new road. Pause for a while, take a view at the vista point, gaze at the horizon, look to your inner voice for guidance and move on and take a fresh journey to success and happiness. Never be disheartened by failures or stumbling blocks or hurdles; these are the testing stones. There is always light at the end of the tunnel. If you do not want to travel this way again, turn to God. Make an earnest prayer to put an end to all this drama! Make your self fit to get His Divine Grace by your pure thoughts, action and total submission. He will redeem you. Realise your Self yourself. This is the Vedic view and way of life, redeeming oneself from the grip of Maya!
    The Vedic way of life is a thrilling one. It is no doubt difficult to practise the spiritual way of life. But soon one can gain enormous mystic powers and enjoy the bliss. Revelations come in dreams. Mystic powers appear very early in sadhana to prove that one is on the right path. Those who have surrendered to Him have enjoyed the Supreme Bliss. Faith is all that is required. ‘No faith, no life’ is the rule of spiritual life!  Indian life, the Hindu ‘way of life’, i.e., the Vedic or Spiritual Life is very important. The Hindu Philosophy and Hindu Religion are the oldest in the world like the Chinese Philosophy and religion. It is almost four million years old or may be more than that. During these millennia* (see Time in Glossory), there has been a thorough degeneration, deterioration in the quality of human life; values have changed and it is a bad sign! The quality of human life has been declining since the Krita Yuga, called the Golden Age.
         In the Krita Yuga, an age of illumination and harmony, it was all a transparent life of ‘Ritam’ (Order) and ‘Satyam’ (Truth). People could see through and through others and could see and understand the minds! In Treta Yuga, called the Silver Age, it was all ‘Virtues’, values of life; come what may, Sri Ram stood for values in life. Values started declining. Sattva guna declined giving place to prepondering Rajas. And, in the Dvapara Yuga, called the Copper Age, it was all ‘Dharma’ and Shri Krishna stands for ‘Consciousness’. Values had declined further over the ages and we see the behaviour of Duryodhana and Shakuni in Maha Bharat. Sri Krishna took birth to kill Kamsa and restore Dharma. He has been striving for establishment of ‘Dharma’, righteousness, values in life, as we can see it in Maha Bharat. Sri Krishna says, “I will take repeated births to re-establish Dharma, (Dharma Samsthapanarthaya … sambhavami yuge yuge”). In Kali Yuga, called the Iron Age, it is total devastation of values and spirituality. It is pre-ponderance of Tamas, loss of values of life-‘Ritam’,‘Satyam’ and ‘Dharma’.
      Today, life has become senseless, wayward, aimless, goal-less and nobody knows what he wants; it is all confusion and complexes. Ego rules the roost. Everybody wants freedom, liberty, and independence without knowing the meaning, without understanding what it means to be free, independent. And, the result is that they are ‘neither here, nor there’. They are a confused lot.
       In these days of competition, there is tension and children face lots of problems in their lives due to conflicting values, languages, cultures, and life styles of their parents. It is here that a sense of purpose, a sense of direction or goal is needed to make life more meaningful, make it more fruitful. Having got the human life form, it is an evolutionary process to make life more divine, spiritual, and thereby enable one self to enjoy the ‘Bliss’, eternal happiness- “Sat (Truth), Chit Knowledge), Anand (Bliss)”.

          There is thus, no doubt that this ‘make-believe’ sensate world of glimmicks is the play (‘Leela’) of the Lord! Children have a tendency to believe every thing they see or hear as true and as such should not get lost in this maze of this make-believe world! They should not lose sight of the ancient wisdom of the Saints and Sages. There are the warnings given in the Vedas and Upanishads about the pitfalls. It is appropriate that the Knowledge and wisdom of the age-old scriptures come handy to open our eyes to Reality of life. This book strives to bring home the fact that what all we see, hear, and know is not real. Lord’s Grace alone can guide us in these days of strife and threats of war, intolerance and aggressive nature of people.

Journey of Life

       Vedanta holds that, 'Life is a journey to be accomplished with single-minded devotion, dedication, steadfastness, and un-wavering mind; it is, as if, an offering to the Lord Almighty who created us with a purpose. Finally, it is a total merger with ‘That’. It is all contemplation, mind tuned towards sublime bliss; the mind turned away from the gross, mundane, sensate world. There is no more hankering after the sensual desires once the ‘Reality’ is felt ‘within’. The mind is under the supervision of Consciousness, ‘Sakshi’ the inner eye that perceives the fickle and irrational behavior. ‘Buddhi’, intelligence keeps the mind under control; thereby, the Mind that keeps the senses under its command to irrational errands will thus be checked'.             Efforts are being made here to describe the basic concepts and explain rhe formulae (Sutras) that are useful to our young friends who want to know about the ‘mysterious’ ways of functioning of our mind. For this purpose, we go deep into the origin of the Universe and evolution of Man so that we can understand in-depth the whole intricacies of the mind. This book is of immense value to all those who want to correct themselves for, methods are given here to know how to achieve success and happiness in life. 
       After all, it is in the ‘Mind’. If one is fully aware of his mind and moods, one can easily cross the hurdles of life. Life is what one makes out of it. It is said, that it is in the ‘becoming’ that is more important from what is ‘being’; but it is essential to know what is this ‘Being’. So, go through this work carefully and take full advantage of the wisdom of our ancient Sages and make your life happy, joyful, and peaceful; enjoy the bliss. Not only the ancient wisdom but modern science too is explored here in order to understand the mysteries of modern man. In spite all the progress made in science, the life of man still remains vain, unfulfilled, wanting, and keeps one in constant search of the real meaning and purpose of life. Thus, a number of questions are raised and answered in this book.
        Modern life is full of stress. At every step, man is not sure of himself and anxiety kills him. Mind management is, in fact, very useful in combating illness and diseases emanating from stress. Now it is found that the much- dreaded cancer and heart attack aredue to stress and these can be prevented by the technique of mind control. Unknowingly tension and stress accumulates leading to illness. One has to be cautious of his pursuits in life if he wants to enjoy it in peace. It is observed that psychosomatic problems are better solved by ‘placebo effect’ through mind management than psychiatric treatment!      
        Some of the ‘Great Principles’, the Mahat tattvas, are repeated in different contexts to drive these into the minds of our ignorant selves and knock some sense to the unconscious mind indulging in mundane things. Many important mantras that are panacea for all our ills are also repeated several times. Elaborate description of the ‘cosmogony’ is given in order to locate the insignificant stature of ‘human’ life in this universe. The bloated ego of man makes him an imaginary giant, who can destroy this world by his wickedness but cannot sustain it by his humility, love, piety, compassion, and fellowship.
        The Hindu philosophy of life believes in 'Karma' and 'Rebirth' (Metempsychosis). Except for Charvaka, all other doctrines are united on this. It is only Charavaka, who is a materialist and secular, who does not offer any reason or theory to support his version of evolution of man and a reasoned theory of man and the universe. Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya and Yoga believe in the authenticity of the Veda and accept dualism or Vishishta Dvaita siddhanta. Purva mimamsa, and Uttara Mimamsa advocate ‘Advaitism’. Samkhya philosophy considers that Prakruti and Purusha account for everything. Purusha is the individual soul, of which there is an unlimited number. Primordial Prakruti is matter consisting of the twenty-four principles ranging from the three gunas-the tamas, rajas and sattvic, down to the gross earth.  By the joinder of Purusha and Prakruti, spirit and matter, samsara is the result and their divorce is the goal to be reached! Both are real entities that get on without any controlling factor, force, or power.
       This brief introduction would suffice to know the cause of all the myriads of problems of the world and the problems that the individuals face in crossing the ocean of sansara. One should always remember that life is to live and to enjoy. Life offers plenty of opportunities. Enjoy life fully; know what it is, its limitations, its futility, and then reject it as of no avail in attaining to greater heights and gaining permanent happiness, the 'mahat-anand' ('Supreme Bliss'), eternal happiness, i.e., ‘sat, chit, and anand’. At every corner of the road there is a new vista and a new road. Pause for a while, take a view at the vista point, gaze at the horizon, look to your inner voice for guidance and move on and take a fresh journey to success and happiness. Never be disheartened by failures or stumbling blocks or hurdles; these are the testing stones. There is always light at the end of the tunnel. If you do not want to travel this way again, turn to God. Make an earnest prayer to put an end to all this drama! Make your self fit to get His 'Divine Grace' by your pure thoughts, action, and total submission. Total surrender is essential. Always remember that nothing is possible without His grace. It is only He who will redeem you. Realise your 'Self' yourself.
      Another important thing is that a good guide, a Guru, is required in all these matters, especially for spiritual attainments. If you get a ‘Guru’, well and good! You are lucky at that for he will guide you; otherwise, be your own “guru”. There is none better than your own Self. The Lord sits within you as “Antaryami”, and guides you if you sincerely seek Him and carefully hear Him.  When you sincerely pray for Him you will hear ‘anahata dhvani’ in your right year at the appropriate time. He may direct a spiritual leader to guide you, or He will appear in your dream and initiate you. Such mystic experiences are common.
      As one proceeds with the practice of Meditation regularly, Revelations come in dreams. Mystic powers appear very early in spiritual practice, 'sadhana'. Those who surrender to Him enjoy the Supreme Bliss. Faith is all that is required. ‘No faith, no life’ is the rule of spiritual life! In fact, it is 'faith' that appeared first during the creation and that 'faith' sustains this universe. Now that a large number of Indians have settled abroad, there is every possibility of their being left out from the mainstream of Indian life, the Hindu ‘way of life’, i.e., the Vedic or Spiritual Life (sanaatana dharma) is very important. The Hindu Philosophy and Hindu Religion are the oldest in the world like the Chinese Philosophy and religion. It is almost five thousand years old, may be more than that. There has been a thorough degeneration, deterioration in the quality of human life; values have changed during the last few centuries and it is a bad sign!  In fact, the quality of human life has been declining since the Krita Yuga, called the Golden Age. And, all our problems are due to our neglect of 'Truth' and 'Righteousness' ('Ritam' and 'Satyam').
         In the Krita Yuga, an age of illumination and harmony, it was all a transparent life of ‘Ritam’ (Order) and ‘Satyam’ (Truth). People could see through and through others and could see and understand the minds! In Treta Yuga, called the Silver Age, it was all ‘Virtues’, values of life; come what may, Sri Ram stood for values in life. Values started declining. Sattva guna declined giving place to preponderating Rajas. And, in the Dvapara Yuga, called the Copper Age, it was all ‘Dharma’ and Shri Krishna stands for ‘Consciousness’. Values had declined further over the ages and we see the behavior of Duryodhana and Shakuni in Maha Bharat. Sri Krishna took birth to kill Kamsa and restore Dharma. He has been striving for establishment of ‘Dharma’, righteousness, values in life, as we can see it in Maha Bharat. Sri Krishna says, “I will take repeated births to re-establish Dharma, (Dharma Samsthapanarthaya … sambhavami yuge yuge”). In Kali Yuga, called the Iron Age, it is total devastation of values and spirituality. It is preponderance-ponderance of Tamas, loss of values of life-‘Ritam’,‘Satyam’ and ‘Dharma’. 
     Today, life has become senseless, wayward, aimless, goal-less and nobody knows what he wants; it is all confusion and complexes. Ego rules the roost. Everybody wants freedom, liberty, and independence without knowing the meaning, without understanding what it means to be free, independent. And, the result is that they are ‘neither here, nor there’. They are a confused lot. The present-day children face lots of problems in their lives due to conflicting values, languages, cultures, and life styles. It is here that a sense of purpose, a sense of direction or goal is needed to make life more meaningful, make it more fruitful. Having got the human life form, it is an evolutionary process to make life more divine, spiritual, and thereby enable one self to enjoy the ‘Bliss’, eternal happiness- “Sat Chit Anand”.
      There is, thus, no doubt that this ‘make-believe’ sensate world of gimmicks is the ‘Leela’ of the Lord! Our children, particularly those living abroad, should not get lost in this maze! They should not lose sight of the ancient wisdom of the Sages and the warnings given in the Vedas and Upanishads. It is appropriate that the Knowledge and wisdom of the age-old Scriptures come handy to open our eyes to 'Reality' of life. This book strives to bring home the fact that what all we see, hear, and know is not real. Lord’s Grace alone can guide us in these days of strife, darkness and ignorance. He alone can guide us from untruth to truth, darkness top light, and death to immortality. Shree Harih, Om! Tat Sat!
                                                                        






Sunday 30 August 2015

Life is a Problem

Why Life is a Problem?
     Life is a problem for those who do not know what life is. A Jnyani will not complain about life for he knows what life is and how to live it. It is all in the Mind and Mind Control. All problems arise out of 'avidya', ignorance. Only an awakening, awareness, 'Knowledge' will pave the way for happiness and success in life. For an ignorant man problems are many and they are coming as 'taapatrayas'- three forms of heat. These three are: one created by the self, the second created by others, and the third, created by nature. The third one cannot be cured by mortals, as we are. The first and the second should be properly understood.
       The problems of Life are many and varied. But the source of all these is the same. It is our 'desire' selfishness, greed and avarice, and our inconsiderate behaviour towards others.  But, still more important is the 'Reality' that governs our lives. These are more beautifully explained in the Vedas and the Upanishads than in the modern day science text- books. May it be hunger and thirst, sexual urge and marriage, children and friends, the problems are the same. The answer to the life's problems can be easily found in Vedanta, Vedanta is the Key to happiness and success in life.
       Aadhi, vyadhi and Upaadhi are the three 'tapatrayas'. These emanate from 'ignorance', or 'Maya' (avidya) that govern our lives. Most of the problems of our physical wellbeing are created by ourselves- by our life style, our food habits and tastes, our attitudes, moods and mind.
Hunger and Food
         Chhandogya Upanishad gives an elaborate description of food. It is very important that one should take care of what he is eating, because “Mind consists of food”[Chhandogya Upanishad VI 5.4]. The grossest part of food goes waste while the middle part is transformed into flesh and the subtlest part goes to form the mind. It is like the butter, the subtlest part of the curds that comes up due to churning. Pure food gives pure mind and good memory; it helps to realize the true nature of this world. Cold and stale food is tamasic leading to laziness, inactivity, loathsomeness, and hot and spicy food are rajasic disturbing the calm disposition of mind leading to restlessness.
       Food is elusive. Search for food is the most important driving force in man and it is hunger that keeps him on the move. Why is food evasive? Although food is available in plenty, it is not easily obtained by man to quench his hunger; even water is available, but not food! Why is it?  The answer lies in the mystery of the origin of the universe. It is again illusion or ‘Maya’; it is the divine ‘Leela’.
        When the Lord created life he also created food.  First manifestation of Brahman is the Sun (Energy) and the second manifestation is the Moon (food); Moon is the food to the Sun. Sun and the moon also stand for time, the solar year, the lunar month, the Shukla Paksha and the Krishna Paksha and the days and nights, etc. The waxing and waning of moon is the consumption pattern of the Sun. In other words, the energy, space and time are the earliest manifestations of the Brahman, the Supreme Conciousness, the eternal cosmic flow. Flow as it clearly shows is movement; the food, the Brahman in his manifest form, is evasive! When food was created in water it started moving. The Lord tried to catch it by his mind, but could not reach it; He tried by the eyes, the ears, the nose, the skin and the tongue but failed to catch it. Then He Himself entered into it through the mouth with Vayu and reached the stomach (navel). Hence, food remained elusive and it is not within the reach of the mind or the five sense organs. If it were so, by mere thinking or thought of food, one would be satisfied! One would be happy and contented with mere sight of food, sound of food, smell of food and touch of food. Even the generative organs cannot reach for food unless Brahman enters through the mouth as Prana in the form of air. It is only when food along with Prana Vayu reaches the naval center of consciousness and Vaishvanara Deva, the Jataragni consumes it, the man is satisfied; remember, the hunger continues day after day and year after year till death consumes the body!
        The whole pattern of food chain is a very tricky business, like each bigger fish swallowing the smaller fish. When the tiger falls on a deer and kills it, the Jnyani knows that there is neither the tiger, nor the deer and its death. The deer and the tiger are merely different names and forms and killing an action identified by our ignorant mind and the senses. The Vedas proclaim “Annam Brahma” and the jnyani knows that neither there is an eater, nor the edible, nor the eating. It is all one ‘That Inseparable Brahman’! It is the ignorance that makes us believe all that appears in this sensate world as real. Name, form and function mislead us. Meditate on Him and the screen dissolves, illusion dissolves.
      It is again the Self, the Consciousness (Prajnya), the Enjoyer of the food; for namesake, it appears like the one eaten by man; but, actually it is an yajnya. The food offered to Vaisvanara Deva, the Jataragni. Since the mantra says “Annam Brahma”, the food is the visible God. Brahman manifest in different forms and rules the life on this planet earth. Hence, it is the Vedic dictum that one should never disrespect food! Any person with spiritual attainment will not find it very difficult to get food. For him, food is available in plenty, enough and to spare! Vedas proclaim, one should work hard, earn by self-effort enormous food, only to give it away to the hungry and needy.
       Food sustains Prana with air (Vayu) and water (Jal). When a man is dying due to hunger, the first thing that he requires is food.  Five morsels (handful) of food is just sufficient to regain the life of a man dying of hunger. With the first morsel, his dull brain will become more active (helps to regain memory); with the second morsel his closing eyes will open slowly. With the third morsel, his dying sound comes back. With the fourth his body will regain strength to sit up and the fifth morsel will make him stand on his own and he will exclaim that his life has come back! Offering a hungry man food is the most sacred duty of every human being.
       Here again there is an interesting story about Uddalaka teaching his son Svetaketu by experiment how food is converted into mind. As we all know Milk contains butter; butter comes out of churning of curds (made out of milk). Butter is thus the subtlest part that rises out of the churning of curds. Similarly, Uddalaka told Svetaketu, “That which is the subtlest part of the food that is eaten rises and becomes mind. The subtlest part of water that is drunk rises and becomes prana. Thus, my dear, the mind consists of food, prana consists of water and speech consists of fire”.
        It is through sattvic food, one can develop a calm and serene mind that can perceive the Atman. A volatile mind is the cause of all the unrest, unhappiness and misery. One should avoid Rajasic food- excessively hot, sour, bitter, sweet and saline food. Similarly, Tamasic food- cold, stale, over-night stacked in cold storage should be avoided. Only fresh, balanced and agreeable food should be consumed in limited quality, enough and to sustain the body. A Jnyani or a wise man will take food in limited quantity like medicine. Essentially man is not the mind but the Self or Atman. The Atman is ever free, infinite and eternal. It is pure consciousness. Mind is an instrument in the hands of the Self through which man apprehends and responds to the external world. Since the mind is always vascillating, changing constantly, it makes the world appear changing; if the mind is made to be calm and serene it can reflect the Atman and reveal the true nature of the world. When one knows oneself as the Atman, there is no longer a mind needing control. Hence, sattvic food is one of the essential requirements for a happy and successful life.
       Life teaches us lessons at every stage. If one is alert and attentive, he can learn the lessons to better his life. The ari-shadvargas cause misery to man and one should learn to control the senses. It is the avarice, greed, ego, jealosy, anger, and selfishness that bring misery. One should conquer fear and live a life of self-less service. One should develop equanimity towards all the fellow beings. Sympathy, compassion and helpfulness are the basic qualities of human beings that need be cultivated. This is emotional quotient that is more important than the Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Spiritual Quotient (SQ) is important in that it changes man into a ‘human’ and leads him towards divinity. Together, these make an integrated personality of a person.
       Another important question that haunts us is that of ‘luck’ or destiny. It is true that God’s Grace protects us by giving us strength- moral and spiritual. It is also true that one who performs his functions in the name of God achieves enormous success. But, luck alone is not in any way helpful is ‘self- realization’. Absence of ego is the first pre-requisite of success and happiness in life. Pride nullifies all good actions while humility and trust in God brings success.
        Absolute Faith in the ‘Almighty’ is a sure path to success. Devotion, total dedication, concentration, and total submission are essential requirements of a successful life.
       Ultimately, it is God’s Will. Since man has no knowledge of the future, it is He who will guide all persons in times of need or distress. Only those who submit totally to Lord Almighty will get His attention; in a sense He gives strength and courage to face life and provides clues to pass the test of life. Without His grace, nothing is possible in this worldly life. Even to tune oneself towards Him needs His Grace. ‘Trust in God’ is essential to success and happy life.
       Many people have ask the question “if God’s ‘Will’ be done, where is the need for human effort’? This is true. If God or Lord Almighty rules our destiny, a doubt arises as to what is our role in life. The answer is simple. ‘He helps those who help themselves’. One has to perform his duty without anticipation of anything in return. Every action is performed as if by divine inspiration and offered to the Lord. This is the secret of success and happiness. Giver is one who has plenty and he has got everything to give; but the actions of our past decide the results of our action. Each one gets according to his karma. If one has done good deeds in the past, the fruits of the good actions come sooner or later in this life. Those who do not believe in the karma theory depend on their rational mind that does not help in understanding the sublime and infinite truth. Ego speaks in such cases. It is ‘I’ which makes one forget the Creator. One has to do his duty and leave the rest in the hands of the Lord. Bhagavad Gita holds the key to success and happiness in life.
      Now, as to the living and enjoyment of life on this earth, there is a very simple formula. Find out the level of consciousness at which you operate. We are living on the periphery and it is difficult to go to the center of Consciousness. Most of us are living and operating at lower levels of Consciousness that does not require much energy. The centers of Consciousness decide about the nature of one’s status in life. Those who live and operate at lower levels, i.e., the level of navel are engaged in fulfilling their basic instincts of life like any other animals. Probably, they are at lower scales of evolution. They are consciously aware of their ‘annamaya kosha’ and ‘pranamaya kosha’. Some of them excel in one of these ‘koshas’ and achieve great success, too. A few of them rise above the level of awareness of these two layers and reach the ‘Manomaya Kosha’ and try to understand the mysteries of life. But those who realize higher levels of Consciousness reach ‘Vijnyanamaya Kosha’, and very few reach the innermost center of ‘Anandamaya Kosha’ and enjoy the Supreme Bliss.
         Hence, the level of Consciousness at which one operates is very important. One can excel at any of these levels by pure will power, personal efforts and Lord’s Grace. It is only the enlightened persons who realize the need to rise to higher levels of Consciousness; it takes several births to reach the higher stages of evolution. Buddha says, it took five hundred years to reach the highest state of Pure Consciousness,
        One must consciously be aware of one’s spiritual status and position in life in order to move forward; but this awareness is rarely possible. Normally, every- body has not got the capacity to understand these secrets. Hence, it is advisable to take the guidance of an enlightened person or a spiritual leader. But, it is hard to find a true guru. So one has to look inward to one’s own soul for guidance and thus become one’s own Guru. This is possible only by concerted sincere efforts. Develop purity of mind and heart.
     Now, one very important question arises. Is it necessary to take to Sanyas to attain liberation or freedom from the drudgery of life? This is a very important question that bothers most of the youngsters. To take to simple ascetic life does not come easily to one and all. Only initiated persons, may be those already initiated to spiritual life in the previous birth, can take to this course. Others who are born with an inherent desire to fulfill their unfulfilled desires have to struggle hard in this life. It is our desire that makes us undergo all the travails of life here. One can remain a householder and gradually turn to the Lord for guidance. A very simple life, dedicated to the selfless service of the fellow beings with love and compassion is all what is required of this life. It is very true that one has to work hard to earn wealth in order to help others. But, material prosperity and the ego that is growing with it should be offered to the Lord in total submission. This is the sure path to success and happiness in life.
      Well, can one become wise and realize the Self within, with all the knowledge of the scriptures and the spiritual practices, is a very important question. It should be clearly understood that each one has to live and experience his life himself. One should remember the advice of Sri Krishna to Arjuna. After the divine vision of ‘Viswa Roopa’, Arjuna is advised to simply forget everything the Lord has taught and shown, and revert to his simple duty. So no scripture can help in the Self- Realisation process and it is one’s sadhana and personal experience that is very important. Whether learned or not, everyone can reach the goal by sheer perseverance, devotion, love and sacrifice.
      Lord Jesus has stressed a good deal on this aspect of love and sacrifice, and the Bhakti cult of the Hindus stress the devotional aspect. The Buddhists try to practice a life of restraint and become monks in order to desist desire. Jainism preaches to practice compassion. So, in one way or the other, all the religions of the world preach only one thing and that is to live a simple life of love and self -sacrifice. There is happiness in giving and there is no doubt about it. Bookish knowledge is absolutely of no use, unless one practices the teachings of the enlightened souls. Not all the pages of the calendar or panchanga showing the rain-bearing stars will ever give a drop of water and no Veda or Upanishad and Puranas will show God.

    A very important secret of success of life is to shift from 'Body-consciousness' to 'Soul-consciousness'. No body asks you to resist temptations of life and feel frustrated or disappointed. In fact, Sanyas (ascetic life) is not an answer to the life's problems. Only, be aware of the temptations and the way it leads you to. Live a life of full awareness and become a witness, ‘Sakshi’, to yourself. Watch your thoughts and action. When you enjoy life, enjoy so well that you do not hanker after it any more. Be satisfied with what you get. Do not allow discontent and greed to take over. Once you fully enjoy what you get and do not live on its memory, you are liberated. Live a happy and contented life. Do not fall prey to greed and avarice. Contentment is very important. There is no end to greed and sensuous pleasures that only lead to sickness of body and mind. Restraint from excessive sexual indulgence, or for that matter, any excessive indulgences are forbidden. That does not mean denial of the essential requirements of life. The golden rule is “this far and no further”.

Saturday 29 August 2015

UNIVERSAL CONSCIOUSNESS

                                                       UNIVERSAL CONSCIOUSNESS
        At this stage, it is very interesting to know the structure and composition of this Universe in which man dwells in order to understand the reality of things, the ‘sat’. The knowledge one gains from this spiritual inquiry leads to ‘chit’ and brings divine ‘bliss’ and hence, this is the way to go near ‘Satchidananda’, the Lord Shri Hari Narayana.
        According to Hindu mythology, it is the common belief that, the Trimurtis’ who are concerned with the creation, sustenance and devolution of this Universe are Brahma, Vishnu and Maheswara, respectively. In fact, it is one common divine force behind all these three who is responsible for the nature of the world we are in, and it is known as  ‘Brahman’ as distinct from the Lord of the creation,‘Brahma’. In fact, Hiranyagarbha precedes the Trimurtis and constitutes the manifest form of the Infinite, the 'Brahman'- “Brahman is Universal Consciousness”. It is the force behind all creation. Itios the cause of the cause of creation; from it (the universal consciousness), emanate all the things that constitute this sensate objective world (prapancha), perceived by the fivesenses. It is all- pervasive ('vish') and as such known as the Vishnu. It is omnipresent and omniscient. It is called 'God' since no other term is suitable to express these qualities.
The Phenomena of Mind and Consciousness      
        Gregory Bateson proposed to define ‘Mind’ as ‘a systems phenomenon characteristic of living organisms, societies, and ecosystems’. The ‘systems view’ looks at the world in terms of relationships and integration. Systems are integrated wholes whose properties cannot be reduced to those of smaller units.  A set of criteria goes to make mind according to systems view of life. Thinking, willing, learning, and memory are all associated with mind. Mind is a necessary and inevitable consequence of a certain complexity, which begins long before organisms develop a brain and a higher nervous system. This definition of Bateson is closely related to the characteristics of self-organizing systems.
         Mind is the essence of being alive. Accordingly, mind is an essential property of the living systems. From the systems view of life, life is not a substance or a force, and mind is not an entity interacting with matter. Both life and mind are manifestations of the same set of systemic properties, a set of processes that represent the dynamics of self-organization. The description of mind as a pattern of organization, or a set of dynamic relationships is related to the description of matter in physics. Mind and matter no longer appear to belong to two fundamentally separate categories, but can be seen to represent merely different aspects of the same universal process. The term ‘mentation’ is used to refer to mental activity, to describe the dynamics of self-organization at lower levels and the term ‘mind’ is used for higher organism of high complexity. George Coghill developed the beautiful systemic view of living organisms and mind, well before the advent of the systems view of life.
        According to Coghill, ‘structure, function, and mentation are the three essential and closely inter-related patterns of organization in living organisms. Here, structure is organization in space; function is organization in time; and ‘mentation’ is a kind of organization that is intimately inter-woven with structure and function at low levels of complexity but goes beyond time and space at higher levels. From the modern systems perspective, ‘mentation’, being the dynamics of self-organization, represents the organization of all functions. At higher levels of complexity, mentation can no longer be limited to behavior; because it takes on the distinctive non-spatial and non-temporal qualities associated with mind.
        Thus, in the systems concept of mind, mentation is characteristic of not only of individual organisms but also of social and ecological systems. Bateson asserts, that ‘mind is immanent not only in the body but also in the pathways and messages outside the body’. There are larger manifestations of mind of which our individual minds are only subsystems and this concept has radical implications in our day-to-day interaction with our natural environment. Man will stop exploiting nature when he fully understands this concept. All the maladies of the modern day industrial economic development exploiting natural resources instead of properly utilizing the natural wealth, has led to the predicament ‘whither development?

Brain, its Function in relation to Mind
             It is very difficult to explain the spiritual and the physical aspects of the Mind and the Brain at one stretch. Mind is both matter and energy and it is very easy to convert energy into matter and vice versa. Meditation is the technique of realizing Mind as energy in its superconscious level. Similarly, it is difficult to relate the spiritual aspects of the subtle human heart generating emotions and feelings to the physical heart that pumps blood; so also, it is difficult to realize that the subtle heart and the subtle mind are one and the same. Thus, the Mind, at higher level of Consciousness and the Heart i.e., the seat of the Lord, are extremely subtle and spiritually more powerful inner instruments called 'Anthahkarana'. On the otherhand, the humanBrain is a bundle of tissues and cells that are constantly pulsating conveying signals received from the nerve centers as 'neurons'. It is a wonderful system of organization, communication and the network is fantastic! Images are transferred, messages are convyed by vibrations of different intensities and colours and codes to the brain from the heart (through blood) and the Mind (as thought waves), and from the brain Mind and to the different parts of the body for reflex action. It does all the task of assimilation, codification, decoding, and transfer to memory, discretion, judgement, and declaration- all within split seconds! The messages and images are created and stored in cells and transferred from cell to cell before each cell dies out. It is' ageing' and 'loss of memory' if the cells slow down and stop their growth; it is 'clinical death' when Brain stops its work,
        Another interesting development is about the structure and functioning of the brain. It is discovered that there are two hemispheres of the brain and these two parts function opposite but complementary to each other. The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and it is more specialized in analytic, linear thinking, which involves processing information sequentially. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body. It seems to function predominantly in a holistic mode that is appropriate for synthesis and tends to process information more diffusely and simultaneously.
       In recent years, there have been attempts to promote a more balanced view of brain functioning and to develop methods for increasing one’s mental faculties by stimulating and integrating the functioning of both sides of the brain. It is said that we hardly we use ten percent of our brain. Concentration and contemplation greratly enhances the sharpness of the brain. The human mind is able to create an inner world that mirrors the outer reality but has an existence of its own. This can move the individual/s or society to act upon the outer world. This inner world of the individuals is the psychological realm; it unfolds an entirely new level and involves a number of phenomena that are characteristic of human nature.
        Self-awareness, conscious experience, conceptual thought, symbolic language, dreams, art, the creation of culture, a sense of values, interest in remote past, the concern for the distant future are some of the most interesting aspects of thinking of the human mind. Most of these characteristics exist in rudimentary form in various animal species; but what is unique in human species is the combination of characteristics fore-shadowed in lower forms of evolution but integrated and developed to a high level of sophistication only in human species. The patterns we perceive around us are based, in a very fundamental way, on the patterns within. Patterns of matter mirror patterns of Mind coloured by subjective feelings and values.
     Our Mind is a synthetic whole, consisting of the faculties of cognition, feeling and willing. Our reasoning, feeling, willing and action are at war with one another and create a terrible confusion within ourselves. Unless we develop an integrated personality - in all its physical, mental and spiritual aspects, it is very difficult to live a harmonious life.

Consciousness
    The vedantic conception of Nature is allcomprehensive and includes the physical, the biological, the spiritual, in the unity of Pure Consciousness, which is the meaning of God. In Bhagavad Gita  (Ch.7 Verse 4-6) Shri Krishna says, ‘Earth, water, fire, air, space, mind, intellect, and ego sense- this is my Prakriti, i.e., Nature, divided eight-fold’. "This is (My) Lower (Prakaruti); but different from it, know thou, Oh! Mighty-armed, (My) Higher Prakruti, the principle of intelligence by which this universe is sustained; Know that these (two prakrutis) are the womb of all beings; I am the Srushti (origin), Sthiti (maintenance), and Laya (dissolution) of the whole universe”.
  Shri Shankara comments on the same as:
        “Through the two-fold Nature, apara (lower) prakruti, and para (higher) prakruti, I, who am the Omniscient God (being of the nature of infinite Pure consciousness), am the cause of this universe’.
          The word ‘Consciousness’ has many Samskrit (Sanskrit) equivalents viz.chit, prajnya, jnyapti, jnyana, bodha, and samvit. According to context, the meaning may be ‘Infinitude’, ‘Pure Consciousness’, Knowledge, Truth, Wisdom, etc. The word ‘Samvit’ is used to express ‘Non-dual Pure Consciousness’, the Atman- Brahman. The systems view of mind seems perfectly consistent with both the scientific and the mystical views of consciousness, and thus to provide the ideal framework for unifying the two. The systems view agrees with the conventional scientific view that consciousness is a manifestation of complex material patterns- a manifestation of living systems of a certain complexity. Biological structures of these systems are expressions of the system’s self-organization i.e., Mind. In mystic view, it is manifestation of Cosmic Mind- direct experience of cosmic consciousness goes beyond the scientific approach. The systems view gives a more meaningful scientific framework for approaching the age-old questions of nature of life, Mind, Consciousness and Matter. All these should be clearly understood.
       'Consciousness' ('Prajnana') is 'choice-less awareness'. ‘Consciousness’ is the physical basis of Mind, a hypothetical mechanism of nerve-cell connections. The seat of Consciousness is the higher brain stem together with the portion of the cortex that is being employed at that moment. Within the brain impulses are passing along a million insulated nerve fibres that compose the complex, and these impulses are somehow coordinated into the orderly sequences of delibearate thought. What really controls this mechanism is not within the realm of sciences, but definitely it can be perceived in the spiritual experience. There is a switchboard and there is a Switch Operator. He decides things!
          There are different layers of consciousness at which a person can dwell and operate. We have seen persons in coma performing their normal physical body functions without being conscious of the external world. The senses are redundant, here. The brain is functioning internally. It is almost similar to Samadhi; it is of no consequence in spiritual attainment. It is an endless sleep. So far, there is no scientific explanation forthcoming for this. Many a brilliant scholars have gone into coma under tragic circumstances and have never regained their consciousness. The exact state of such persons’ mind is not known. They are unconscious.
         But, an interesting observation here is that of our normal day-to-day activities in which we are scarcely aware of what we are doing. Most of the time we are functioning  ‘unaware’, unconscious, or without discrimination, ‘Prajnya’.  We are not consciously aware. This is the tragedy of human life. All our misery, unhappiness, troubles are the outcome of this unconscious actions. Why can we not be consciously aware? It is a difficult question to answer. It requires Jnyan, knowledge to be consciously aware and, ignorant, as we are, we are unconscious, ‘Pranyaa-heena’ at that! Our country has a population of 100+ crore population and almost all of us are in this state despite the greatness of our country in the field of spiritual attainments. “God is in us but we are not in Him”, says Shri Ramakrishna. Realisation of the Self will lead us from darkness to light, ignorance to knowledge, death to immortality. We will be able to work consciously only when we have knowledge! 
    There are the layers of sub-conscious, sputa (the subtle). It is an ocean of or reservoir of samskara, impressions, memories, desires, aspirations, ambitions and what not. It is also a reservoir of noble thoughts, ideas, intuitions and stored up experiences. It is this deep and vast reservoir that is throwing obstacles in our day-to-day functions. It is this Sub-consciousness that throws up confusion, contradictions, dualities, and obstruct our intelligent and efficient functioning. This Sub-conscious should be kept under constant watch and an efficient system of retrieval of memories and experiences should be evolved in order to use the stored up knowledge. All unwanted trash should be removed from the sub-conscious and only the useful knowledge should be retrieved whenever needed. Silencing its unwanted interference in normal day-to-day functions is also important. This can be done by constant japam, meditation, and dhyan.
         Another level of consciousness is the 'Superconsciousness'. This is the higher level and is the most important one in human life. Scarcely we ever reach this higher level of Super Consciousness in our life. It is difficult to rise to higher level of Consciousness without proper training and exercise. This higher level of Super Consciousness is the source of divine intuition, ‘Grace of the Lord’ and Supreme Bliss. To attain this State of Super Consciousness is the “goal of life’. Super Cosnciousness can be attained by pure mind and pure heart. It is this that makes a Man more Human and then, Divine. According to Paatanjali's  'Ashtanga Yoga Sutra', the state of Superconsciousness is reached in 'Samadhi'. 'Samadhi' is attained in deep meditation when 'Dhyan' (worship), the 'Dhyata' ( the worshipper), and the Subject of worship- 'Dhyeya' become 'One' (Yoga) in a state of  'Turiyaateeta' ('Nirvikalpa Samadhi'). This state is also a state of 'Supreme Bliss' called "sat-chit-anand" for it is total 'enlightenment'; and, a person who attains this state of Superconsciousness becomes a liberated soul, relieved of all blemishes- the desires of the soul, and he attains immortality. It is also true that none can stay in this state of supreme 'Bliss' forever. It is only a for a few seconds, or at the most minutes, that one can attain this state of Superconsciousness and will soon come back to deep meditation again. But, this is enough to make a person 'Yogi' –a self-ralized soul.            
   The Sub-conscious Mind
       The Sub-conscious Mind is like the cellar or the store- room where we store all unwanted things, the trash. Often we resolve to clean this cellar and drop the idea; we do try to clean it, but soon we find it a formidable task and forget about it. Then again, we resolve and try toclean it and do not know where to begin the task. Finally, we drop the idea and the cellar continues to be filled with trash. Our sub-conscious mind is just like this cellar. It consists of samskaras, the impressions of all our past actions, memories, thoughts and what not. It need not necessarily be the evil or bad ones; it also consists of good impressions and memories. These impressions throw obstacles to our present resolutions, thoughts, and action. Hence, it is necessary to clean the sub-conscious mind of all evil and opposing ones and keep good and co-operative ones only. This way, there will be no contradictions, no internal strife in our thoughts and actions.
      When a person carries out his normal day-to-day functions, he is not aware of the role played by the different layers of consciousness. Modern psychologists and psychiatrists stress the importance of the sub-conscious mind in both prevention and treatment of mental illness. They adopt methods of hypnotism to retrieve the stored memories and throw out the impressions bothering the mentally sick persons. But the ancient sages had devised very simple methods of Yoga to cleanse the subconscious of all evil and trash impressions and keep the mind healthy and fit. They suggested dhyan and chanting of the name of the Ishtadevatha to achieve this end. Meditation is the sure cure process of sick minds but the techniques are difficult to practise in later stages of illness.
      In this busy world of competition, stress and tension, atleast a few minutes set apart for meditation regularly will greatly help; but there is no time for these busy people even for this; they are prepared to get admitted to hospital for treatment of hypertension and blood pressure problems and spend enormous time and money, but do not have a mind to listen to their own inner voice that is constantly warning them.
       How to clean the Sub-conscious Mind of evil thoughts, bad impressions, un-savory memories? It is very easy. This can be done by pouring in the good thoughts, divine thoughts, chanting of Lord’s name, japa, vrata (upavas) and mauna (silence), sat sang (company of spiritual persons), svadhyaya or reading of sacred scriptures like the Bhagavad Gita, singing bhajans and entertaining other holy thoughts and keeping good company. By this constant refurbishing of divine impressions, all old evil impressions are cleared and the sub-conscious will be cleansed. This cleansing of the sub-conscious Mind and the Conscious Mind will help us to attain the Super-conscious state easily. Once the super-conscious state is reached the lower minds will automatically become pure. All the samskaras will be burnt out and the mind becomes pure. Pure mind is pure consciousness; pure consciousness is pure intellect, the inner light, the Self, the Atman; it is the Brahman- the Absolute and the Infinite.     
    Hence, controlling the mind is very important. It is a big job. It is a very difficult job. It requires perseverance, steadfastness and total involvement. If good things do not accumulate in the sub-conscious, all trash will ocuupy it and create disturbances, strife and misery. We get into inner conflicts and get lost in the process. Most of the time we act in an unconscious state of mind. The cause of the unconscious act is the subconscious where the unconscious thoughts are submerged with millions of our old thoughts and impressions. May be, there are good thoughts, actions, solutions to problems, but we will never reach them unless we clear it of the trash, the bad and the evil ones. May be there exists some dangerous ones, too. Hence, it is very essential that the sub-conscious is clean and full of noble ideas, thoughts, impressions and support the conscious acts. In the absence of this, the conscious is full of duality, contradictions, confusion and doubts.
         Pure Consciousness alone will shed light on reality of life and in the absence of pure mind, we never get access to our pure intellect; our Buddhi evades us. Ignorance reigns supreme and makes our life difficult. Life becomes miserable. Often, we get into an illusion of happiness only to realize that it is leading us to more sin and unhappiness.         
         Thus, the importance of keeping the Mind in a state of ‘Pure Consciousness’ is stressed through out the Vedas and Upanishads. The entire Treatise on Yoga, the ‘Yoga Sutra’ aims at attaining the state of Pure Consciousness. Unless one takes to a very disciplined, austere, pious, simple, unassuming, ego-less, self-less, devoted life, it is difficult to attain this state of pure consciousness. Pure food helps to attain pure mind; sattvic food is advised for both the body and mind in addition to the other simple means like svadhyaya, satsang, advocated as the prerequisites of this purification process. Unless the body and mind are pure, it is difficult to attain the state of pure consciousness. Spiritual aspirants take to Hatha Yoga and Dhyana Yoga to reach this state. They attain it in ‘Samadhi’. Super-Consciousness is the ultimate goal of human life. It is attained by intense spiritual practice. There are several techniques like Transcendental Meditation, Raja Yoga or Dhyana Yoga, Kunadalini Yoga to attain 'Samadhi' and experience the ‘Super Consciousness’. However, it must be cautioned here, that these methods are not very very essential in the ordinary day-to-day householders' life in order to live a happy and succesful life. An inner peace and contentment is sufficient to enjoy the bliss of life. One can decide to take to this advanced Yogic exercise when he feels that the worldly life of mundane existence is enough and feels the need for higher spiritual experience. But, it must always be remembered that it is not an easy path and it is full of unpredictable problems! Moreover, a good 'Guru' is also needed to guide properly in the unknown.