Monday, 30 November 2020

Some Atharava Veda Mantra (Tr.)


  Now we give here some Atharva Veda mantra sloka (Tr.) for reference and compare these with the other Veda mantra given in the preceding blocks. The readers can make out the nature of the mantra and how the concerned Rishi perceived these! 

   The Sama Veda mantra are of the nature of prayer to Gods. The Atharva Veda mantra mainly deal with our daily life. These are very helpful in warding off evil and protecting ourselves and our family. These mantra are for deep meditation, contemplation! The mantra are available for download separately.

    We invoke him, the Lord of what moves and what moves not, the inspirer of our thoughts. May he come to our aid! May this our divine Protector and Guard, the unfailing one, cause our wealth to increase, that we may long flourish! [Rk Veda I, 89, 5]. That splendor that resides in an elephant, in a king among men, or within the waters, with which the Gods in the beginning came to godhood, with that same splendor make me splendid, O Lord. O All-Knowing God, that powerful strength with which sacrifice endows you, the strength of the sun, the strength of the elephant, King among men-- may the t     “Behold the elephant, best of all creatures to mount and to ride! I anoint myself with his share of strength, with his elephant splendor! With the splendor that resides in a lion, a tiger, an adder, the fire, Brahman, the sun, may that blessed Goddess who gave birth to Indra now come to us, endowed with splendor! With the splendor that resides in an elephant, a leopard, in gold, in the waters, in cattle and in men, may that blessed Goddess who gave birth to Indra now come to us, endowed with splendor! [Atharva Veda VI, 38, That splendor that resides in an elephant, in a king among men, or within the waters, with which the Gods in the beginning came to godhood, with that same splendor make me splendid, O Lord. O All-Knowing God, that powerful strength with which sacrifice endows you, the strength of the sun, the strength of the elephant, King among men-- may the two Spirits, garlanded with lotus, vouchsafe that to me! From the four directions, as far as the eye can direct its gaze, may that force, that elephant splendor, assemble and concentrate its virtue in me.” [Atharva Veda III, 22, 3-5]

Some Sama Veda mantra (Tr.)

   “Om. Narada approached Sanatkumara as a pupil and said: Venerable Sir, please teach me. Sanatkumara said to him: Please tell me what you already know. Then I shall tell you what is beyond. Narada said: Venerable Sir, I know the Rig-Veda, the Yajur-Veda, the Sama-Veda, the Atharva-Veda as the fourth Veda, the epics (Puranas) and ancient lore (Itihasa) as the fifth, the Veda of the Vedas (i.e. grammar), the rules of the sacrifices by which the Manes are gratified, the science of numbers, the science of portents, the science of time, logic, ethics, etymology, Brahma-vidya (i.e. the science of pronunciation, ceremonials, prosody, etc.), the science of elemental spirits, the science of weapons, astronomy, the science of serpents and the fine arts. All this I know, venerable Sir.” [Sama Veda, Chandogya Upanishad VII, I - Dialogue between Narada and Sanatkumara, 1-2].

   “If we have injured space, the earth, or heaven, or if we have offended mother or father, from that may Agni, fire of the house, absolve us and guide us safely to the world of goodness. As that truthful man is not burnt so also one who has known Sat is not born again. Thus in That (Sat) all that exists has its self. That is the True. That is the Self. “That thou art”, Svetaketu.” [Sama Veda, Chandogya Upanishad VI, XVI - Liberation for the Knower of Brahman, 1, 3].

The organ of speech departed. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just as dumb people live, without speaking, but breathing with the prana (nose), seeing with the eye, hearing with the ear and thinking with the mind. Then the organ of speech entered the body.The eye departed. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just as blind people live, without seeing, but breathing with the prana, speaking with the tongue, hearing with the ear and thinking with the mind. Then the eye entered the body. The ear went out. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just as deaf people live, without hearing, but breathing with the prana. Speaking with the tongue, seeing with the eye and thinking with the mind. Then the ear entered the body. The mind went out. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just like children whose minds are not yet formed, without thinking with the mind, but breathing with the prana, speaking with the tongue, seeing with the eye and hearing with the ear. Then the mind entered the body. [Sama Veda, Chan. Upa. V, I - The Supremacy of the Prana, 8=11]The organ of speech departed. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just as dumb people live, without speaking, but breathing with the prana (nose), seeing with the eye, hearing with the ear and thinking with the mind. Then the organ of speech entered the body.The eye departed. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just as blind people live, without seeing, but breathing with the prana, speaking with the tongue, hearing with the ear and thinking with the mind. Then the eye entered the body. The ear went out. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just as deaf people live, without hearing, but breathing with the prana. Speaking with the tongue, seeing with the eye and thinking with the mind. Then the ear entered the body. The mind went out. After being away for a whole year, it came back and said: How have you been able to live without me? The other organs replied: We lived just like children whose minds are not yet formed, without thinking with the mind, but breathing with the prana, speaking with the tongue, seeing with the eye and hearing with the ear. Then the mind entered the body. [Sama Veda, Chan. Upa. V, I - The Supremacy of the Prana, 8=11].

When water dries up it is swallowed by the air. For indeed the air absorbs them all. So much with reference to the gods. Now with reference to the body: Verily, the prana is the swallower. When a man sleeps, speech goes into the prana, sight goes into the prana, hearing goes into the prana and the mind goes into the prana. For indeed the prana absorbs them all. These are the two swallowers: the air among the gods, the prana among the senses. Then considering her (the princess) as the door for imparting knowledge,  Raikva said: O Sudra! You brought these cows and other presents; this is good. But you will make me speak now only through this means (i.e. the princess). These are the villages named Raikvaparna, in the country of Mahavrishas, where Raikva lived. Now Raikva said to the king: Verily, Vayu (the air) is the swallower (samvarga). For when fire goes out it is indeed swallowed by the air. When the sun sets it is swallowed by the air. When the moon sets it is swallowed by the air. When water dries up it is swallowed by the air. For indeed the air absorbs them all. So much with reference to the gods. Now with reference to the body: Verily, the prana is the swallower. When a man sleeps, speech goes into the prana, sight goes into the prana, hearing goes into the prana and the mind goes into the prana. For indeed the prana absorbs them all. These are the two swallowers: the air among the gods, the prana among the senses. 

    Then considering her (the princess) as the door for imparting knowledge, Raikva said: O Sudra! You brought these cows and other presents; this is good. But you will make me speak now only through this means (i.e. the princess). These are the villages named Raikvaparna, in the country of Mahavrishas, where Raikva lived. Now Raikva said to the king: Verily, Vayu (the air) is the swallower (samvarga). For when fire goes out it is indeed swallowed by the air. When the sun sets it is swallowed by the air. When the moon sets it is swallowed by the air. The attendant searched for him and returned without finding him. Then the king said to him: Listen, where a knower of Brahman is to searched for, look for him there. After proper search the attendant came upon a person who, lying underneath his cart, was scratching an itch. Humbly he took his seat near him and said: Revered Sir, are you Raikva, the man with the cart? Oh yes, I am he, he answered. Then the attendant returned, saying to himself: I have found him out. [Sama Veda, Chan. Upa., IV, I - The Story of Janasruti and Raikva, 5, 7-8]

Some Rk Veda Mantra Artha (Tr.)

   Here, Racehorse, are your haunts for bathing; here are the traces of your champion hooves. Here I have seen the blessed reins that guide you, which those who guard Cosmic Order cherish. [Rk Veda I, 163, 5]

    Whatever sin is found in me, whatever evil I have done, if I have lied or falsely sworn, Waters, remove this stain from me!

 Yours, O King, are solaces a hundred, a thousand! Great and far-reaching be also your favors! Drive far away from us baneful Destruction. Remove from us whatever sin we have committed Rk Veda I, 24, 9]

   Within him is fire, within him is drink, within him both earth and heaven. He is the Sun which views the whole world, he is indeed Light itself-- the long-haired ascetic. [Rk Veda X, 136, 1]

   With all the pleasing skill we may; the birth of Gods we now proclaim in chanted hymns, that Men to come may know the truth of what befell. The Lord of the Holy Word, like a smith, blasted and smelted them together. In erstwhile ages of the Gods from nonexistence existence came. [Rk Veda X, 72, 1-2].

   He who from birth was chief of the Gods, the wise one, protecting with his might the other Gods, before whose energy and mighty exploits the two worlds tremble: he, Men, is the Lord! Who stilled the quaking of the mighty earth and set at rest the agitated mountains, who measured out the middle regions of space and gave the sky support: he, Men, is the Lord! Who slew the dragon and loosed the seven rivers, who drove the cattle out of Vala's cavern, who brought forth fire from between the rocks, victorious ever: he, Men, is the Lord! [Rk Veda II, 12, 1-3]

    If we weak men have sinned against the Gods through thoughtlessness and frailty or through pride, absolve us from this fault, O Savitr, and make us clean from sin before Gods and men. [Rk Veda IV, 54, 3]

You set free Shunahshepa from a thousand stakes, when he was already set for the sacrifice. So Agni, wise Priest, come and take your place and liberate us from the bonds that bind us. [Rk Veda V, 2, 7].

   “The Seer, our father, once offered all these worlds in oblation, assuming a priestly role, and sought to gain riches by the power of prayer; he himself entered later creations, while shrouding in mystery the first creative moment.What was the primal matter, what the substance? How could it be discerned, how was it made? From which the Designer of all things, beholding all, fashioned the Earth and shaped the glory of the Heavens?

  Sahasraksha sahasra bahu sahasrapaat | A myriad eyes are his, a myriad faces, a myriad arms and feet, turning each way! When he, sole God, creates the Earth and Heavens, he welds them together with whirring of arms and wings.

     What was the timber and what the tree from which the Heavens and also the Earth were chiseled forth? Ponder, O wise Men. Question in your hearts. On what did he rely when he formed these worlds?

  “The haunts where you dwell, O Designer ever true to your laws, on high, in the depths, and in every region between, disclose to your friends at the hour of oblation. Willingly offer your body in sacrifice, thus enhancing its vigour.” [Rk Veda X, 81, 1-5].

  “With all the pleasing skill we may; the birth of Gods we now proclaim in chanted hymns, that Men to come may know the truth of what befell. The Lord of the Holy Word, like a smith, blasted and smelted them together. In erstwhile ages of the Gods from nonexistence existence came.” [Rk Veda X, 72, 1-2].

You have no knowledge of him who created these worlds; some other thing has interposed between you. The reciters of hymns who ravish life in their ritual proceed with their muttering, enwrapped in confusion and ignorance. [Rk Veda X, 82, 7].

    Rosy Dawn advances, adorned with the brightness of many a beam. She pursues her way on her well-equipped chariot, arousing Men to joy. Come, O twin Spirits, at break of day on your powerful chariots. We offer in sacrifice this honey-sweet draught for your delectation. How is it that, though united and unsupported, he does not fall down? By what inner power moves he? Who has seen? A firm pillar, he protects heaven's vault. [Rk Veda IV, 14, 3-5].

    A man should think on wealth and strive to win it by adoration on the path of Order, counsel himself with his own mental insight, and grasp still nobler vigor with his spirit. [Rk Veda 10.31.2. rvg, 459]

In how many parts was He transformed when they cut the Purusha in pieces? What did His mouth become? What His arms, what His thighs, what His feet? His mouth then became the brahmana, from the arms the rajanya was made, the vaishya from the thighs, from the feet the shudra came forth. [Rk Veda 10.90.11-12. upb, 894].

   This does not mean the caste system. It is the supreme Lord who manifests Himself as all that exists! L  et’s remember, Shree Rama was a Kshatriya King. Shree Krishna was a Cowherd, Yadava, Vaishya and Gautama who became the Buddha was also a Prince? Where is a Brahmana here? Probably Nara-Narayana Rishi became a Brahmana Rishi! Kings were also great learned competent to discuss scriptural matters with Sages and Rishis! Moreover, Brahmana is ‘Knowledge of Brahman and anybody could attain it!

    At first was neither Being nor Nonbeing. There was not air nor yet sky beyond. What was its wrapping? Where? In whose protection? Was Water there, unfathomable and deep? There was no death then, nor yet deathlessness; of night or day there was not any sign. The One breathed without breath, by its own impulse. Other than that was nothing else at all. [Rk Veda X, 129, 1-2].

    The Moon was born from his mind; the Sun came into being from his eye; from his mouth came Indra and Agni, while from his breath the Wind was born. From his navel issued the Air; from his head unfurled the Sky, the Earth from his feet, from his ear the four directions. Thus have the worlds been organized. Seven were the sticks of the enclosure, thrice seven the fuel sticks were made, when the Gods, performing the sacrifice, bound the Man as the victim. [Rk Veda X, 90, 13-15].

    Aum. O terrestrial sphere! O sphere of space! O celestial sphere! Let us contemplate the splendor of the Solar Spirit, the Divine Creator. May He guide our mind. [Rk Veda (Gayatri Mantra) 3.62.10. hp, 345].

    Incidentally, Sharadhvan, King of Gadi Kingdom, later came to be known as ‘Vishva Mitra’ (Friend of the World) after he got the mantra of Devi Gayatri and, thus, became the drushtara, Rishi. He raised to the status of Brahma Rishi with the help of the Gayatri mantra during his askesis. It is the mantra propitiating the Sun God and one attains the very form (sarupya) of the Savita Devi from the incessant chants of Gayatree.

    “O learned people, may we with our ears listen to what is beneficial, may we see with our eyes what is beneficial. May we, engaged in your praises, enjoy with firm limbs and sound bodies, a full term of life dedicated to God. [Rk Veda 1.89.8. rvp, p. 287]

    Now may this God Savitri, the strong and mighty, Lord of all wealth, vouchsafe to us his riches! May he, extending his far-spreading luster, bestow on us the food that nourishes men! These songs praise Savitri of gentle speech, whose arms are full, whose hands are beautiful. Preserve us evermore, O Gods, with blessings.” [Rk Veda VII, 45, 3-4]

    How I long, O God, for the gracious touch of your hand which heals and brings refreshment, which softens all chastisements of the Gods. Regard me, O Mighty One, with an indulgent eye. [Rk Veda II, 33, 5-7]

   Foremost Purifier, let your lights shine on us now, inspiring us to skill of mind and hand. [Rk Veda IX, 36, 3].

    Your remedies so pure, O powerful Storms, afford us relief and bring us joy. Those which our father Manu chose I beg from the Lord for my own well-being. May God's missile be deflected from us, may the anger of the blazing God overshoot us! Relax your bow of wrath toward our well-wishers. Have pity on our sons and on their children! [Rk Veda II, 33, 13-14]

Sunday, 29 November 2020

Vedic Principles

  The following passages from the Yajurveda give us some idea about the nature of problems discussed in the various Upanishads attached to that. Every passage needs a careful study since a lot of secrets are involved in these mantra. After a deep contemplation on these, one may get some insight into the nature of the world we exist in and what we experience superficially!  

Than whom there is naught else higher, than whom there is naught smaller, naught greater, the One stands like a tree established in heaven. By Him, the Person, is this whole universe filled. [Krishna Yajurveda, Shveatashvatara Upanishad 3.9. upr, 727]

All the sacred books, all holy sacrifice and ritual and prayers, all the words of the Vedas, and the whole past and present and future, come from the Spirit. With maya, His power of wonder, He made all things, and by maya the human soul is bound. Know, therefore, that nature is maya, but that God is the ruler of maya, and that all beings in our universe are parts of His infinite splendor. [Krishna Yajurveda, Shvet. Upa., 4.9-10. upm, 92].

    That deity, after taking away the death-the evil-of the gods, carried them beyond death. First of all, it carried the organ of speech, which is the foremost organ. When the organ of speech was freed from death it became fire. That fire, having transcended death, shines beyond its reach. Then it carried the organ of smell. When it was freed from death it became air (Vayu). That air, having transcended death, blows beyond its reach. Then it carried the organ of sight. When it was freed from death it became the sun (Surya). That sun, having transcended death, shines beyond its reach. Then it carried the organ of hearing. When it was freed from death, it became the quarters (Disha). Those quarters, having transcended death, remain beyond its reach. Then it carried the mind. When the mind was freed from death it became the moon (Chandra). That moon, having transcended death, shines beyond its reach. Thus, verily, that deity carries beyond death him who knows this. [Yajurveda, Brih. Upa., I, III-The Prana: Its Glories and Redeeming Power, 11-16].

 This water is the honey (effect) of all beings, and all beings are the honey (effect) of this water. Likewise, the bright, immortal being who is in this water and the bright, immortal being existing as the semen in the body are both honey. These four are but this Self. The Knowledge of this Self is the means to Immortality; this underlying unity is Brahman; this Knowledge of Brahman is the means of becoming all. This fire is the honey (effect) of all beings, and all beings are the honey (effect) of this fire. Likewise, the bright, immortal being who is in this fire and the bright, immortal being identified with the organ of speech in the body are both honey. These four are but this Self. The Knowledge of this Self is the means to Immortality; this underlying unity is Brahman; this Knowledge of Brahman is the means of becoming all. This air is the honey (effect) of all beings, and all beings are the honey (effect) of this air. Likewise, the bright, immortal being who is in this air and the bright, immortal being identified with the vital breath in the body are both honey. These four are but this Self. The Knowledge of this Self is the means to Immortality; this underlying unity is Brahman; this Knowledge of Brahman is the means of becoming all. [Yajurveda, Brih. Upa. II, V-The Interdependence of Created Objects, 2-4]

   The seer sees not death, nor sickness, nor any distress. The seer sees only the All, obtains the All entirely. For the sake of experiencing the true and the false, the great Self has a dual nature. Yea, the great Self has a dual nature. Yea, the great Self has a dual nature! [Krishna Yajurveda, Maitra Upa. 7.11.6 & 8. uph, 458].    

Thursday, 26 November 2020

Vedic Doctrines

Vedic Prayer:

    We invoke him, the Lord of what moves and what moves not, the inspirer of our thoughts. May he come to our aid! May this our divine Protector and Guard, the unfailing one, cause our wealth to increase, that we may long flourish! [Rk Veda I, 89, 5]

 Give us a share in the Sun by your wisdom and favor. Make us perfect. [Rk Veda IX, 4, 5].

Vedic Doctrines:

   “The Seer, our father, once offered all these worlds in oblation, assuming a priestly role, and sought to gain riches by the power of prayer; he himself entered later creations, while shrouding in mystery the first creative moment.

    What was the primal matter, what the substance? How could it be discerned, how was it made? From which the Designer of all things, beholding all, fashioned the Earth and shaped the glory of the Heavens?

   A myriad eyes are his, a myriad faces, a myriad arms and feet, turning each way! When he, sole God, creates the Earth and Heavens, he welds them together with whirring of arms and wings.

     What was the timber and what the tree from which the Heavens and also the Earth were chiseled forth? Ponder, O wise Men. Question in your hearts. On what did he rely when he formed these worlds? “The haunts where you dwell, O Designer ever true to your laws, on high, in the depths, and in every region between, disclose to your friends at the hour of oblation. Willingly offer your body in sacrifice, thus enhancing its vigour.” [Rk Veda X, 81, 1-5].

  “With all the pleasing skill we may; the birth of Gods we now proclaim in chanted hymns, that Men to come may know the truth of what befell. The Lord of the Holy Word, like a smith, blasted and smelted them together. In erstwhile ages of the Gods from nonexistence existence came.” [Rk Veda X, 72, 1-2].

 “The visible form of fire, while it lies latent in its source, the fire-wood, is not perceived; yet there is no destruction of its subtle form. That very fire can be brought out again by means of persistent rubbing of the wood, its source. In like manner, Atman, which exists in two states, like fire, can be grasped in this very body by means of ‘Om’. By making the body the lower piece of wood and Om the upper piece and through the practice of the friction of meditation, one perceives the luminous Self, hidden like the fire in the wood. As oil exists in sesame seeds, butter in milk, water in riverbeds and fire in wood, so the Self is realized as existing within the self, when a man looks for It by means of truthfulness and austerity-when he looks for the Self, which pervades all things as butter pervades milk and whose roots are Self-Knowledge and austerity. That is the Brahman taught by the Upanishad; yea, that is the Brahman taught by the Upanishads.” [Yajur Veda, Shvet. Upa. Part I, Chapter 1, 13-16].

   “May the sun, at the commencement of yoga, join our minds and other organs to the Supreme Self so that we may attain the Self (‘Knowledge of True Nature of Existential Reality’)? May He, also, support the body, the highest material entity, through the powers of the deities who control the senses. Having received the blessings of the divine Sun and with minds joined to the Supreme Self, we exert ourselves, to the best of our power, toward meditation, by which we shall attain Heaven (Brahman).” [Yajur Veda, Shvet. Upa, Part I, Chapter II, 1-2].

  “The wise man should hold his body steady, with the three upper parts erect, turn his senses, with the help of the mind, toward the heart and by means of the raft of Brahman cross the fearful torrents of the world. The yogi of well- regulated endeavors should control the pranas; when they are quieted he should breathe out through the nostrils. Then let him undistractedly restrain his mind, as a charioteer restrains his vicious horses. Let yoga be practiced within a cave protected from the high wind, or in a place which is level, pure and free from pebbles, gravel and fire, undisturbed by the noise of water or of market-booths and which is delightful to the mind and not offensive to the eye. When yoga is practiced, the forms which appear first and which gradually manifest Brahman are those or snow-flakes, smoke, sun, wind, fire, fire-flies, lightning, crystal and the moon.” [Yajurveda, Shvet. Upa, Part I, Chapter II, 8-11].

  “And when the yogi beholds the real nature of Brahman, through the Knowledge of the Self, radiant as a lamp, then, having known the unborn and immutable Lord, who is untouched by ignorance and its effects, he is freed from all fetters. He indeed, the Lord, who pervades all regions, was the first to be born and it is He who dwells in the womb of the universe. It is He, again, who is born as a child and He will be born in the future, He stands behind all persons and His face is everywhere. The Self-luminous Lord, who is fire, who is in water, who has entered into the whole world, who is in plants, who is in trees-to that Lord let there be adoration! Yea, let there be adoration!” [Yajurveda, Shvet. Upa.,, Part I, Chapter II, 15-17]. 

[Courtsey: These daily verses are drawn from the Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva Vedas, Hinduism's revealed scriptures, which are 6,000 to 8,000 years old. Many of the verses are from the book The Vedic Experience, by Raimundo Panikkar, available at our Minimela online store.]

Tuesday, 24 November 2020

The Self (Atman)

 

Janaka, Emperor of Videha, rose from his lounge, humbly approached Yajnavalkya and said: Salutation to you, O Yajnavalkya. Please instruct me. Yajnavalkya said: Your Majesty, as one who wishes to go a long distance would procure a chariot or a ship, even so you have fully equipped your mind with so many secret names of Brahman. You are also honoured and wealthy; you have studied the Vedas and heard the Upanishads. But do you know where you will go when you are released from this body? Venerable Sir, I do not know where I shall go. [Yajueda, Brihadaranyaka Upanishad IV, II-Concerning The Self, 1[

   But if the life (i.e. living self) leaves one of its branches, that branch withers; if it leaves a second, that branch withers; if it leaves a third, that branch withers. If it leaves the whole tree, the whole three withers. In exactly the same manner, my dear, said he, know this: This body dies, bereft of the living self; but the living self dies not. Now, that which is the subtle essence-in it all that exists has its self. That is the True. That is the Self. That thou art, Shvetaketu. Please, venerable Sir, give me further instruction, said the son. So be it, my dear, the father replied. [Sama Veda, Chandogya Upanishad VI, XI - The Indestructibility of the Jiva, 3]

Bring me a fruit of that Nyagrodha (banyan) tree. Here it is' venerable Sir. Break it. It is broken, venerable Sir. What do you see there? These seeds, exceedingly small, Break one of these, my son. It is broken, venerable Sir. What do you see there? Nothing at all, venerable Sir.

The father said: That subtle essence, my dear, which you do not perceive there-from that very essence this great nyagrodha arises. Believe me, my dear. [Sama Veda, Chandogya Upanishad VI, XII - The Birth of the Gross from the Subtle, 2]

Three States of Our Existence

Yajnavalkya called on Janaka, Emperor of Videha. He said to himself: I will not say anything. But once upon a time Janaka, Emperor of Videha and Yajnavalkya had had a talk about the Agnihotra sacrifice and Yajnavalkya had offered him a boon. Janaka had chosen the right to ask him any questions he wished and Yajnavalkya had granted him the boon. So it was the Emperor who first questioned him.

Yajnavalkya, what serves as light for a man? The light of the sun, O Emperor, said Yajnavalkya, for with the sun as light he sits, goes out, works and returns. Just so, Yajnavalkya. When the sun has set, Yajnavalkya, what serves as light for a man? The moon serves as his light, for with the moon as light he sits, goes out, works and returns. Just so, Yajnavalkya..When the sun has set and the moon has set, Yajnavalkya, what serves as light for a man? Fire serves as his light, for with fire as light he sits, goes out, works and returns. Just so, Yajnavalkya. Give us, Lord, a share of sunlight, of waters, freedom from sin and communion with the living. Do not tarnish the joy of our hearts for we have put our trust in your name. [Rk Veda I, 104, 6]

When the sun has set, Yajnavalkya and the moon has set and the fire has gone out, what serves as light for a man? Speech (sound) serves as his light, for with speech as light he sits, goes out, works and returns. Therefore, Your Majesty, when one cannot see even one's own hand, yet when a sound is uttered, one can go there. Just so, Yajnavalkya.

Which is the self? This purusha which is identified with the intellect (vijnanamaya) and is in the midst of the organs, the self-indulgent light within the heart (intellect). Assuming the likeness of the intellect, it answers between the two worlds; it thinks, as it were and moves, as it were being identified with dreams, it transcends this waking world, which represents the forms of death (ignorance and its effects). [Br. Upa. IV, III-Investigation of the Three States, 1-5,7].